{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:13:08Z","timestamp":1788221588071,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"33","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci?n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2024-158557OB-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024-158557OB-C22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci?n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCI2025-163171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCI2025-163171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A liquid mixture of two or more components can phase separate into two liquid phases by changing the temperature. Ordinary chemical perception would attribute this transition to a competition between the favorable enthalpy of the biphasic state and the favorable entropy of the (mixed) monophasic state, rationalizing the stability of these states, respectively, at low and high temperatures. This is indeed the case for a UCST liquid\u2013liquid phase separation. However, in contrast, in LCST behavior, the monophasic mixed state is observed at low temperatures, whereas the biphasic state is observed at high temperatures. This perplexing behavior has triggered different hypotheses about mechanisms capable of explaining it. In this paper, we study, by molecular dynamics simulations, two ionic liquids (ILs), [Hbet][Tf2N] and [P4444][TMBS], that when mixed with water exhibit, respectively, a UCST and an LCST liquid\u2013liquid phase separation. The computational phase diagrams of these two IL\/water mixtures were shown to be in very close agreement with those obtained experimentally. Here, we investigate the effective interactions between the ions in aqueous solutions at a very large dilution. We find that for an LCST IL, an increase in temperature induces substantial strengthening of the effective cation\u2013anion and cation\u2013cation attractions (whereas the anion\u2013anion interactions are not significantly altered). Conversely, a UCST IL displays marginal changes in the effective interactions between the ions with a change in temperature. Calculations of thermodynamic parameters indicate that for an LCST IL, the driving force for forming cation\u2013anion contact pairs is predominantly entropic. This positive entropy change for association, which we also attribute to the formation of the biphasic state, does not include the mixing entropy and is ascribed to changes in the properties of surrounding water molecules. On the other hand, for a UCST IL, the driving force for cation\u2013anion association is purely enthalpic. These findings are supplemented by demonstrating that the reorientations and translations of water molecules in the first solvation shell around the LCST ions (in particular, around the cation) are slower than those around the corresponding UCST ions. Given the anomalous behavior of strengthening effective interactions upon heating, we conclude that the transition of a mixed homogeneous state to a liquid\u2013liquid phase-separated state upon a temperature increase (LCST behavior) is driven primarily by hydrophobic interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c05528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T06:02:23Z","timestamp":1786341743000},"page":"50147-50155","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Driving Forces\nof UCST and LCST Liquid\u2013Liquid Phase Separations"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4253-9912","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hussen O.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , ,","place":["Donostia-San Sebastia\u0301n, Spain, 20018"]},{"name":"University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU , , ,","place":["Donostia-San Sebastia\u0301n, Spain, 20018"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5332-885X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ronen","family":"Zangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , ,","place":["Donostia-San Sebastia\u0301n, Spain, 20018"]},{"name":"University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU , , ,","place":["Donostia-San Sebastia\u0301n, Spain, 20018"]},{"name":"IKERBASQUE , , ,","place":["Bilbao, Spain, 48009"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026083119151328100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100913-013325","article-title":"Liquid-Liquid\nPhase Separation in\nBiology","volume":"30","author":"Hyman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. 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Phys."},{"key":"2026083119151328100_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7732","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.5c00060","article-title":"Temperature-Responsive\nZwitterionic Polymers That Undergo UCST-Type Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation\nunder Physiological Ionic Strength","volume":"41","author":"Fujii","year":"2025","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026083119151328100_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.128372","article-title":"Tunable thermoresponsive UCST-type\nalkylimidazolium ionic liquids as a draw solution in the forward osmosis\nprocess","volume":"639","author":"Takahashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., A"},{"key":"2026083119151328100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b10168","article-title":"Highly Ordered Polypeptide with UCST\nPhase Separation Behavior","volume":"141","author":"Kuroyanagi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026083119151328100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10903","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.3c05811","article-title":"Ionic Liquids: An Ideal\nSolvent for Tuning the UCST Phase Behavior of Polymer Gels","volume":"127","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"2026083119151328100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7449","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.4c01095","article-title":"Upper Critical Solution Temperature\n(UCST) Behavior of Polyguanidinium in Aqueous Media","volume":"57","author":"Oh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"2026083119151328100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7970","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CC02838A","article-title":"Lower critical\nsolution temperature (LCST) phase behaviour of an ionic liquid and\nits control by supramolecular host\u2013guest interactions","volume":"52","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. 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Polym."},{"key":"2026083119151328100_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.1080\/0026897031000123710","article-title":"Understanding\nliquid-liquid immiscibility and LCST behaviour in polymer solutions\nwith a Wertheim TPTl description","volume":"101","author":"Paricaud","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Phys."},{"key":"2026083119151328100_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12935","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.8b02073","article-title":"Effect of Anionic Structure on the\nLCST Phase Behavior of Phosphonium Ionic Liquids in Water","volume":"57","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026083119151328100_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23238","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CP03439J","article-title":"Understanding the mechanism of LCST phase separation of mixed ionic\nliquids in water by MD simulations","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Chem.\nChem. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026083119151328100_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2020.114635","article-title":"Tetrabutylammonium\n2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzenesulfonate as an effective and regenerable\nthermo-responsive ionic liquid drawing agent in forward osmosis for\nseawater desalination","volume":"495","author":"Zeweldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"2026083119151328100_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1039\/C4PY01665C","article-title":"Thermoresponsive polyelectrolytes\nderived from ionic liquids","volume":"6","author":"Kohno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"2026083119151328100_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1071\/CH12282","article-title":"Selective\ntransport of water-soluble proteins from aqueous to ionic liquid phase\nvia a temperature-sensitive phase change of these mixtures","volume":"65","author":"Kohno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust. J. Chem."},{"key":"2026083119151328100_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18591","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0518299","article-title":"Ab Initio Molecular\nDynamics of Liquid 1,3-Dimethylimidazolium Chloride","volume":"109","author":"Bu\u0308hl","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. 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Theory Comput."},{"key":"2026083119151328100_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2020.166731","article-title":"Liquid-Liquid Phase\nSeparation of Tau Driven by Hydrophobic Interaction Facilitates Fibrillization\nof Tau","volume":"433","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2026083119151328100_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20978","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0642995","article-title":"Task-Specific Ionic Liquid for Solubilizing\nMetal Oxides","volume":"110","author":"Nockemann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026083119151328100_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1071\/CH11278","article-title":"Material design of ionic liquids to show temperature-sensitive LCST-type\nphase transition after mixing with water","volume":"64","author":"Kohno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust.\nJ. 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