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However, pristine corn stalk biochar is constrained by limited surface functionality and underdeveloped porosity, which impede its performance in environmental and agricultural applications. While acid- or alkali-modified biochar has been extensively applied, the mechanistic basis for the synergistic improvement achieved through microwave modification remains inadequately understood. This study comprehensively compared the structural characteristics and performance relationship of microwave-chemical synergistic modified corn straw biochar. In this study, corn stalk biochar prepared at 500 \u00b0C was chemically modified using KOH, H2O2, and Chitosan, followed by microwave treatment to systematically evaluate the synergistic effects on physicochemical properties. This study demonstrated that the modified biochars exhibited substantially increased surface functionality and developed rough, densely structured surface morphologies, despite a concurrent decrease in specific surface area and porosity. FTIR and XPS analyses confirmed structural modifications, while elemental analysis revealed nonmonotonic, reagent-dependent element enrichment patterns. The modified biochars showed enhanced electron transfer mediation capabilities and improved chemical functionality, suggesting superior potential for chemisorption-driven contaminant removal and redox-active environmental applications. This study underscores the combined importance of microwave treatment, biomass properties, and chemical modification in optimizing biochar functionality, providing a theoretical framework for understanding synergistic effects in biochar applications for environmental management and soil applications. Future work will evaluate the application-specific performance and long-term stability of the most promising modified biochars in realistic soil and water systems, together with process-scale and techno-economic assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c05584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T08:02:02Z","timestamp":1790323322000},"page":"59815-59827","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chemical and Microwave\nModification of Corn Stalk\nBiochar: Physicochemical Characterization and Functional Insight"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8942-8008","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chao","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550001"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550001"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550001"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550001"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JunCai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550001"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610474297800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3390\/catal11040434","article-title":"Biochar derived from agricultural wastes as a means of facilitating\nthe degradation of azo dyes by sulfides","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610474297800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1039\/d5va00432b","article-title":"Recent advances\nin biochar-based engineered materials for efficient removal of CO2: from lab to industrial scale applications","volume":"5","author":"Wahby","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026100610474297800_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135235","article-title":"Unveiling the long-term\ndynamic effects: Biochar mediates bacterial communities to modulate\nthe petroleum hydrocarbon degradation in oil-contaminated sediments","volume":"477","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026100610474297800_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134137","article-title":"Effects of\nbiochar immobilization of serratia sp. f4 or414381 on bioremediation\nof petroleum contamination and bacterial community composition in\nloess soil","volume":"470","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026100610474297800_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2013.12.012","article-title":"Biochar enhances\nthe microbial and chemical transformation of pentachlorophenol in\npaddy soil","volume":"70","author":"Tong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"2026100610474297800_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134302","article-title":"Sb\/As immobilization\nand soil function improvement under the combined remediation strategy\nof modified biochar and Sb-oxidizing bacteria at a smelting site","volume":"471","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. 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Res."},{"key":"2026100610474297800_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109466","article-title":"The impact\nof biochar on soil carbon sequestration: meta-analytical approach\nto evaluating environmental and economic advantages","volume":"250","author":"Majumder","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"2026100610474297800_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2017.06.008","article-title":"The role of biochar and biochar compost\nin improving soil quality and crop performance: a review","volume":"119","author":"Agegnehu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"2026100610474297800_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.116925","article-title":"Prediction\nof higher heating values of biochar from proximate and ultimate analysis","volume":"265","author":"Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610474297800_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75936-3","article-title":"Synthesis\nand characterization of\nrice husk biochar via hydrothermal carbonization for wastewater treatment\nand biofuel production","volume":"10","author":"Hossain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610474297800_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/26395940.2022.2120542","article-title":"Removal of\nheavy metals from wastewater using biochars:\nadsorption and mechanisms","volume":"34","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut.\nBioavailability"},{"key":"2026100610474297800_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.130830","article-title":"Novel chitosan-modified\nbiochar prepared from a Chinese herb residue for multiple heavy metals\nremoval: Characterization, performance and mechanism","volume":"402","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"2026100610474297800_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.05.022","article-title":"Sorption\nof norfloxacin, sulfamerazine and oxytetracycline by KOH-modified\nbiochar under single and ternary systems","volume":"263","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresour.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026100610474297800_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10369","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b01481","article-title":"Formation\nand Physicochemical Characteristics of Nano\nBiochar: Insight into Chemical and Colloidal Stability","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Rep."},{"key":"2026100610474297800_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14237","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA02258E","article-title":"Recent progress in biochar-supported\nphotocatalysts:\nsynthesis, role of biochar, and applications","volume":"8","author":"Manikmian","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610474297800_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cnma.202200075","article-title":"Ionothermal\nSynthesis of Carbon\/TiO2 Nanocomposite for Supercapacitors","volume":"8","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"ChemNanomater"},{"key":"2026100610474297800_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2015.01.025","article-title":"Effect of\nsewage sludge properties on the biochar characteristic","volume":"115","author":"Zielin\u0301ska","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"2026100610474297800_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.125407","article-title":"Insights\ninto cadmium\nadsorption characteristics and mechanisms by new granular alginate\nhydrogels reinforced with biochar: Important role of cation exchange","volume":"383","author":"Salem","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"2026100610474297800_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccst.2025.100438","article-title":"Sustainable biochar\nsynthesis via synergistic H2O2-KOH modification\nfor enhanced CO2 physisorption","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbon\nCapture Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100610474297800_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.115350","article-title":"Microwave-assisted\nsynthesis and functionalization of biochar for environmental remediation:\nRegulate strategy and application potential","volume":"13","author":"Qu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026100610474297800_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-026-00601-3","article-title":"Conventional and microwave-assisted\npyrolysis biochars: comparative mechanistic insights, structural evolution,\nand environmental remediation applications","volume":"8","author":"Rasool","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biochar"}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c05584","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/59815\/68647836\/acsomega.6c05584.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/59815\/68647836\/acsomega.6c05584.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:30:45Z","timestamp":1791300645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/39\/59815\/5438205\/Chemical-and-Microwave-Modification-of-Corn-Stalk"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c05584","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]}}}