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Nevertheless, conventional techniques cannot achieve cost-effective production. In this study, a copper-based catalyst, copper-tetraethylenepentamine (Cu-TEPA), was synthesized and its catalytic performance was evaluated via shale pyrolysis in a sealed system under fixed experimental conditions: a thermal reaction temperature of 450 \u00b0C, a constant heating duration of 3 h, and a Cu-TEPA-to-raw shale mass ratio of 0.1 wt %. The introduction of Cu-TEPA resulted in a remarkable enhancement of pyrolysis efficiency and the hydrocarbon recovery rate; the shale oil yield increased significantly by 33.33% as compared with the noncatalytic pyrolysis. Simultaneously, Cu-TEPA exhibited excellent catalytic performance in heteroatom removal, achieving removal rates of 32.8% for sulfur atoms and 55.1% for nitrogen atoms, which significantly improved the quality of the product oil. The copper-amine complex catalyst shows great potential for cost-effective in situ shale oil production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c05797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:01:42Z","timestamp":1790395302000},"page":"59522-59531","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Situ Pyrolysis\nof Oil Shale with the Copper-Amine\nComplex as an Efficient Catalyst"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7438-9731","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lianhua","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China University of Petroleum Beijing , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. 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