{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:58:32Z","timestamp":1791302312846,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004156","name":"Mahidol University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005621","name":"Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FF(KU-SRIU)11.67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF(KU-SRIU)11.67"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in RNA viruses such as Zika virus (ZIKV) can alter viral pathogenicity and are therefore critical molecular markers for surveillance. Here, we report an electrochemical hydrogel biosensor that discriminates a clinically relevant ZIKV SNP through a sequence-dependent bioconjugation mechanism between peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). A single guanine-to-thymine substitution in the PNA probe produces distinct AgNP coordination modes, resulting in markedly different nanoparticle aggregation states, colorimetric signatures, and silver oxidation profiles. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that guanine-containing PNAs induce AgNP clustering through strong nucleobase\u2013silver coordination, whereas thymine-containing PNAs preserve dispersed nanoparticles. These coordination patterns persist upon hybridization with complementary or mismatched ZIKV RNA, establishing PNA\u2013AgNP bioconjugation as the primary determinant of the sensing response. Integration of this mechanism into an AgNP-hydrogel matrix enables the sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of short synthetic targets (15 bp) with an LOD of 0.004 nM, LOQ of 0.015 nM, and 7.4% RSD, alongside full-length 10.8 kbp viral RNA. This work demonstrates how nucleobase-specific PNA\u2013nanoparticle interactions can be harnessed to achieve robust SNP discrimination in RNA viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c05853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T08:02:05Z","timestamp":1790323325000},"page":"59547-59555","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sequence-Dependent\nPNA\u2013AgNP Bioconjugation\nEnables Electrochemical Discrimination of a Single-Base Mutation in\nZika Virus RNA"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1250-0451","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wannisa","family":"Sukjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasetsart University , , ,","place":["Bangkok, Thailand, 10900"]},{"name":"Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University , , Chatuchak, ,","place":["Bangkok, Thailand, 10900"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tasawan","family":"Puttasakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rangsit University , , ,","place":["Pathum Thani, Thailand, 12000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iyacoob","family":"Khunsri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol University , , , ,","place":["Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, 73170"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2627-8073","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chak","family":"Sangma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasetsart University , , ,","place":["Bangkok, Thailand, 10900"]},{"name":"Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University , , Chatuchak, ,","place":["Bangkok, Thailand, 10900"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chutima","family":"Thepparit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol University , , , ,","place":["Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, 73170"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610474673800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-025-03816-y","article-title":"Silent mutations in\ncoding regions of Hepatitis C virus affect patterns of HCV RNA structures\nand attenuate viral replication and pathogenesis","volume":"26","author":"Dabour","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100610474673800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000003","article-title":"Why are RNA\nvirus mutation rates so damn high?","volume":"16","author":"Duffy","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610474673800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2022.01.021","article-title":"A single nonsynonymous mutation on ZIKV E protein-coding sequences\nleads to markedly increased neurovirulence in vivo","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"2026100610474673800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030480","article-title":"A Small-Plaque\nIsolate of the Zika Virus with Envelope Domain III Mutations Affect\nViral Entry and Replication in Mammalian but Not Mosquito Cells","volume":"14","author":"Jaimipuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026100610474673800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20564","article-title":"Neutralizing\nhuman antibodies prevent Zika virus replication and fetal disease\nin mice","volume":"540","author":"Sapparapu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610474673800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1645572","article-title":"Inter- and intra-lineage genetic\ndiversity of wild-type Zika viruses reveals both common and distinctive\nnucleotide variants and clusters of genomic diversity","volume":"8","author":"Collins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes Infect."},{"key":"2026100610474673800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15816","article-title":"Detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms in virus\ngenomes assembled from high-throughput sequencing data: large-scale\nperformance testing of sequence analysis strategies","volume":"11","author":"Rollin","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100610474673800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-023-01226-5","article-title":"Quantitative\ndetection of chikungunya, Zika, and dengue viruses by one-step real-time\nPCR in different cell substrates","volume":"55","author":"Cuellar-Quimbaya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026100610474673800_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2024.1492752","article-title":"AI-enabled pipeline for virus detection,\nvalidation, and SNP discovery from next-generation sequencing data","volume":"15","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100610474673800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-018-0037-y","article-title":"Micro-droplet\nDigital Polymerase Chain Reaction and Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase\nChain Reaction Technologies Provide Highly Sensitive and Accurate\nDetection of Zika Virus","volume":"33","author":"Hui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol. 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Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026100610474673800_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112371","article-title":"Paper-based\nelectrochemical peptide nucleic acid (PNA) biosensor for detection\nof miRNA-492: a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma biomarker","volume":"165","author":"Moccia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"2026100610474673800_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2024.108847","article-title":"Label-free electrochemical biosensor with magnetic\nself-assembly\nconstructed via PNA-DNA hybridization process on \u03b1-Fe2O3\/Fe3O4 nanosheets for APOE \u03b54\ngenes ultrasensitive detection","volume":"161","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026100610474673800_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e33914","article-title":"Peptide nucleic acids\n(PNAs) control function of SARS-CoV-2 frameshifting stimulatory element\ntrough PNA-RNA-PNA triplex formation","volume":"10","author":"Rahman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100610474673800_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12936","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b01895","article-title":"Energetics\nand Vibrational Signatures of Nucleobase\nArgyrophilic Interactions","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026100610474673800_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2025.02.001","article-title":"Silver nanoparticle (AgNP), neurotoxicity, and putative\nadverse outcome pathway (AOP): A review","volume":"108","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2026100610474673800_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2024.115753","article-title":"Nanoparticle-assisted plasmonic sensors:\nRecent developments in clinical applications","volume":"698","author":"C\u0327imen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. 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Chem."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026100610474673800_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6313","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AN01484E","article-title":"DNA concatemer-silver\nnanoparticles as a signal probe for electrochemical prostate-specific\nantigen detection","volume":"144","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100610474673800_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1039\/D5NH00019J","article-title":"Real-time,\nnon-destructive monitoring of the aggregation behavior of silver nanoparticles\nusing nano-impact electrochemistry","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanoscale\nHoriz."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026100610474673800_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5313","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.6b01586","article-title":"Unraveling the Interaction of Silver Nanoparticles with Mammalian\nand Bacterial DNA","volume":"120","author":"Pramanik","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. 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Colloid Interface Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610474673800_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3002","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c08008","article-title":"Formation and Nanomechanical Properties\nof Silver-Mediated Guanine DNA Duplexes in Aqueous Solution","volume":"18","author":"Bethur","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026100610474673800_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5207","DOI":"10.1021\/ja031931o","article-title":"DNA-Templated Ag\nNanocluster Formation","volume":"126","author":"Petty","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610474673800_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10163","article-title":"Silver (I) as DNA\nglue: Ag+-mediated guanine\npairing revealed by removing Watson-Crick constraints","volume":"5","author":"Swasey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"29","key":"2026100610474673800_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5951","DOI":"10.1021\/jp980769m","article-title":"Interaction between\nthe Guanine\u2013Cytosine Watson\u2013Crick\nDNA Base Pair and Hydrated Group IIa (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+) and Group IIb (Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+) Metal Cations","volume":"102","author":"S\u030cponer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. 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Mater."},{"key":"2026100610474673800_cit43","volume-title":"Electrochemical Methods:\nFundamentals and Applications","author":"Bard","year":"2022","edition":"3"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026100610474673800_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11654","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b03227","article-title":"Maximizing the Signal\nGain of Electrochemical-DNA Sensors","volume":"88","author":"Dauphin-Ducharme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026100610474673800_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7322","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.2c00840","article-title":"Effects of Nucleic Acid Structural Heterogeneity on\nthe Electrochemistry of Tethered Redox Molecules","volume":"38","author":"Sykes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026100610474673800_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.01.070","article-title":"Interplay of electrostatic repulsion\nand surface grafting\ndensity on surface-mediated DNA hybridization","volume":"566","author":"Traeger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100610474673800_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6827","DOI":"10.1021\/la700328r","article-title":"Effect\nof molecular crowding on the response of an electrochemical DNA sensor","volume":"23","author":"Ricci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026100610474673800_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2013.12.019","article-title":"A sensitive electrochemical\nDNA biosensor based on silver nanoparticles-polydopamine@graphene\ncomposite","volume":"118","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610474673800_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5348","article-title":"Quantifying thiol\u2013gold interactions\ntowards the efficient strength control","volume":"5","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat.\nComm."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c05853","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/59547\/68647843\/acsomega.6c05853.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/59547\/68647843\/acsomega.6c05853.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:30:51Z","timestamp":1791300651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/39\/59547\/5438206\/Sequence-Dependent-PNA-AgNP-Bioconjugation-Enables"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c05853","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]}}}