{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:06:55Z","timestamp":1788876415928,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"35","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YQJH2024045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YQJH2024045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Proppant flowback during the posthydraulic fracturing flowback stage can induce instability of the internal proppant support structure and conductivity degradation within fractures, which are critical factors constraining long-term stable production of low-permeability tight oil and gas reservoirs. However, existing studies have mostly focused on static fracture conductivity evaluation, and the understanding of the coupling mechanism among dynamic proppant migration, particle contact network reconstruction, and time-dependent conductivity evolution during the flow-back process remains insufficient. To address this gap, this study adopts an integrated approach combining visualized physical simulations, confining-pressure conductivity experiments, and numerical simulation. Through a two-dimensional visualized fracture model, the effects of the flowback rate, flowback fluid viscosity, and proppant particle size on particle migration behavior and accumulation morphology evolution were analyzed. Furthermore, combined with confining-pressure core experiments, the synergistic regulation mechanisms of drawdown pressure, fluid viscosity, and proppant size on the flowback rate and fracture conductivity were investigated under in situ stress conditions. The results show that fluid momentum transfer during flowback is the dominant factor inducing proppant destabilization and migration. As the flowback intensity increases, the fluid drag force gradually approaches and exceeds the critical shear resistance provided by the particle contact network, triggering large-scale destabilization and migration of the proppant pack, with the flowback rate increasing significantly. Confinement-pressure experimental results further indicate that conductivity degradation is not caused by a single flowback behavior alone but rather results from a cascade damage process involving proppant migration, particle crushing, stress-induced embedment, and flow channel compaction. Under high drawdown pressure, the internal proppant support structure within the fracture undergoes nonuniform reconstruction, leading to continuous shrinkage of the effective conductive channels, with the dynamic conductivity exhibiting significant time-dependent degradation characteristics. Numerical simulation results further validate the intrinsic relationship between the proppant spatial distribution reconstruction and production decline. This study reveals the dynamic mechanism of fluid\u2013solid coupling, particle destabilization, and conductivity degradation within complex fracture networks during the flowback stage, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing flowback strategies and maintaining the long-term fracture conductivity in low-permeability tight reservoirs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c05902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T20:16:56Z","timestamp":1788207416000},"page":"53204-53218","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study on the Evolution\nMechanism of Dynamic Conductivity\nof Hydraulic Fracturing Fractures Based on Proppant Flowback"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yujie","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Petroleum University , , , ,","place":["Daqing, Heilongjiang, China, 163318"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4166-5912","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haodong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Petroleum University , , , ,","place":["Daqing, Heilongjiang, China, 163318"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fracturing Company, Great Wall Drilling Company , , , ,","place":["Panjin, Liaoning, China, 124107"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zufeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"No.6 Oil Production Plant, Dagang Oilfield Branch Company, China National Petroleum Corporation , ,","place":["Tianjin, China, 300280"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meijia","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Petroleum University , , , ,","place":["Daqing, Heilongjiang, China, 163318"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Petroleum University , , , ,","place":["Daqing, Heilongjiang, China, 163318"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Petroleum University , , , ,","place":["Daqing, Heilongjiang, China, 163318"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangsheng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Petroleum University , , , ,","place":["Daqing, Heilongjiang, China, 163318"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7888-0031","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qingchao","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Petroleum University , , , ,","place":["Daqing, Heilongjiang, China, 163318"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxing","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Petroleum University , , , ,","place":["Daqing, Heilongjiang, China, 163318"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"2026090809094386800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1080\/15567036.2019.1604885","article-title":"Research on the reuse technology of fracturing\nflowback fluids in fracking","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Sources"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026090809094386800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9491","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c00714","article-title":"Fracturing-Fluid Flowback\nSimulation with Consideration of Proppant Transport in Hydraulically\nFractured Shale Wells","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026090809094386800_cit3","article-title":"Research\non Fracturing\nFlowback and Production Characteristics of Fuling Shale Gas Wells","author":"Bin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liaoning Chemical Industry"},{"key":"2026090809094386800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2044561","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2044561","article-title":"Stability\nEvaluation of Proppant\nin Fractures of Gas Storage in Yulin Gas Field","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"2026090809094386800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2022.110904","article-title":"Analytical model for fracture conductivity\nconsidering rod proppant in pulse fracturing","volume":"217","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"sep.","key":"2026090809094386800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geothermics.2015.06.006","article-title":"Proppant backflow:\nMechanical and flow considerations","volume":"57","author":"Mclennan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"issue":"45","key":"2026090809094386800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42467","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c05030","article-title":"Experimental\nStudy on the Backflow Mechanism of Proppants in Induced Fractures\nand Fiber Sand Control Under the Condition of Large-Scale and Fully\nMeasurable Flow Field","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026090809094386800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2015.10.026","article-title":"Theoretical conductivity\nanalysis of surface modification agent treated\nproppant II \u2013 Channel fracturing application","volume":"156","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090809094386800_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12789","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c08594","article-title":"Proppant Settlement\nand Long-Term Conductivity Calculation in Complex Fractures","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026090809094386800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2016.10.023","article-title":"Effect\nof proppant distribution pattern on fracture conductivity and permeability\nin channel fracturing","volume":"149","author":"Xiaojin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026090809094386800_cit11","unstructured":"Suarez-Rivera, R.; Marino, S.; Ghassemi, A.\n          Sustaining\nFracture Area and Conductivity of Gas shale Reservoirs for Enhancing\nLong-term Production and Recovery; RPSEA\n(Research Partnership to Secure Energy for America), 2010."},{"key":"2026090809094386800_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2018.07.073","article-title":"A new\nmethod to improve long-term fracture conductivity\nin acid fracturing under high closure stress","volume":"171","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026090809094386800_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1080\/10916460903070645","article-title":"A Study\nof Hydraulic Fracture Conductivity\nand Its Dependence on Proppant Wettability","volume":"28","author":"Mora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pet. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090809094386800_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2015.04.004","article-title":"Experimental\nand numerical\nstudies of reduced fracture conductivity due to proppant embedment\nin the shale reservoir","volume":"130","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090809094386800_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13051462","article-title":"A Generic\nFracture Conductivity\nModel for Partially Propped Fracture Networks with Proppant Embedment\nand Proppant Pack Deformation","volume":"13","author":"Shao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Processes"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809094386800_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-94406-2","article-title":"Effects of uneven proppant distribution in multiple\nclusters of fractures on fracture conductivity in unconventional hydrocarbon\nexploitation","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026090809094386800_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1080\/02726351.2018.1438542","article-title":"Characterization\nof natural sand proppant used in hydraulic fracturing fluids","volume":"37","author":"Kamel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Part. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"02","key":"2026090809094386800_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.2118\/212283-PA","article-title":"Experimental\nand Visual Analysis of Proppant-Slickwater Flow in a Large-Scaled\nRough Fracture","volume":"28","author":"Qu","year":"2023","journal-title":"SPE Journal"},{"key":"2026090809094386800_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2019.05.009","article-title":"Effect of injection\nparameters on proppant transport in rough vertical fractures: An experimental\nanalysis on visual models","volume":"180","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. 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Eng."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/35\/53204\/67391576\/acsomega.6c05902.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/35\/53204\/67391576\/acsomega.6c05902.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:09:51Z","timestamp":1788872991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/35\/53204\/5328133\/Study-on-the-Evolution-Mechanism-of-Dynamic"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"35","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c05902","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]}}}