{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:45:24Z","timestamp":1792784724962,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002842","name":"Chiang Mai University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002842","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Physical and Material Sciences, Kasetsart University","award":["PHY-2569\/07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHY-2569\/07"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05gzceg21","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this study, yttrium\u2013cadmium codoped ZnO (YCdZnO) photocatalysts were synthesized and investigated for the sunlight-excited photocatalytic degradation of carbaryl (CBR). The photocatalytic degradation assays showed a pseudo-first-order degradation rate constant of 12.38 \u00d7 10\u20133 min\u20131, approximately 2.08 times that of bare ZnO (5.95 \u00d7 10\u20133 min\u20131). The photocatalysts also retained over 48% degradation efficiency (DE) after four cycles. Scavenger tests indicated that hydroxyl radicals were the dominant reactive species during CBR degradation. Characterization of YCdZnO, including vibrational and structural analyses, revealed the formation of a hexagonal wurtzite structure without any impurity phases. This indicates the successful substitution of Y3+ and Cd2+ into the ZnO matrix. The Williamson\u2013Hall plot indicated an increase in crystallinity. This was evidenced by a positive correlation between crystallite size and microstrain, attributed to ion substitution during the doping process. However, the smaller particle size with mesoporous features and increased surface area of YCdZnO can provide shorter carrier migration paths and more active sites. Optical investigations revealed an increase in visible-light absorption and a marginal narrowing of the band gap from 3.24 eV (ZnO) to 3.21 eV (YCdZnO). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the presence of Zn2+, Y3+, Cd2+, and defect-related states in YCdZnO, which served as electron traps to retard electron\u2013hole recombination and promote hydroxyl radical generation. Furthermore, fluorescence spectra of YCdZnO present comparatively lower intensity for shallow Zn-related and surface oxygen-related defect states, implying enhanced carrier trapping and charge transfer. Therefore, the synergy of defect-related states, high surface areas, and increased solar-light absorption may favor the practical application of YCdZnO for sunlight-facilitated degradation of CBR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c05972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:02:11Z","timestamp":1790010131000},"page":"59572-59582","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Defect-Mediated Charge Transfer in Y\u2013Cd-Codoped\nZnO: Enhanced Hydroxyl Radical Generation and Solar Photocatalytic\nCarbaryl Degradation"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tipawan","family":"Rungsawang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus , , ,","place":["Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, 73140"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sucheewan","family":"Krobthong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus , , ,","place":["Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, 73140"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santhad","family":"Pithakwongsaporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus , , ,","place":["Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, 73140"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9818-384X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sutthipoj","family":"Wongrerkdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus , , ,","place":["Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, 73140"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Napat","family":"Kaewtrakulchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasetsart University , , ,","place":["Bangkok, Thailand, 10900"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4902-3233","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kanit","family":"Manatura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rajamangala University of Technology Isan , , ,","place":["Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, 30000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sawitree","family":"Wongrerkdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna Tak , , ,","place":["Tak, Thailand, 63000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9752-5820","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pichitchai","family":"Pimpang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University , , ,","place":["Phitsanulok, Thailand, 65000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chatdanai","family":"Boonruang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiang Mai University , , ,","place":["Chiang Mai, Thailand, 50200"]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University , , ,","place":["Chiang Mai, Thailand, 50200"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100610485035800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2025.108015","article-title":"Unveiling the Potential\nof Yttrium-Modified ZnO Nanoparticles in\nReactive Red 120 Dye Breakdown and Microbial Inhibition","volume":"75","author":"Mariyappillai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100610485035800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/chemengineering9060120","article-title":"Advances in Photocatalytic Degradation\nof Crystal Violet Using ZnO-Based Nanomaterials and Optimization Possibilities:\nA Review","volume":"9","author":"Nedelkovski","year":"2025","journal-title":"ChemEngineering"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026100610485035800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14214484","article-title":"A Study on Doping and\nCompound of Zinc Oxide Photocatalysts","volume":"14","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100610485035800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9337","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c10034","article-title":"Boosting Photocatalytic\nActivity in Rhodamine B Degradation Using Cu-Doped ZnO Nanoflakes","volume":"10","author":"Khumphon","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026100610485035800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12867","article-title":"Nanoflower-Like\nYttrium-Doped ZnO Photocatalyst for the Degradation of Methylene Blue\nDye","volume":"94","author":"Parangusan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photochem. 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Lett."},{"key":"2026100610485035800_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-023-01052-2","article-title":"Photocatalytic\nand Electrocatalytic\nGeneration of Hydrogen Peroxide: Principles, Catalyst Design and Performance","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c05972","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/59572\/68583651\/acsomega.6c05972.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/59572\/68583651\/acsomega.6c05972.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:12:33Z","timestamp":1791299553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/39\/59572\/5434438\/Defect-Mediated-Charge-Transfer-in-Y-Cd-Codoped"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c05972","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]}}}