{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:06:49Z","timestamp":1788876409693,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"35","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51504124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51504124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Liaoning Provincial Basic Scientific Research Project for Innovation and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LJ242510147004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJ242510147004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During the formation of cavities through water dissolution in salt cavern storage facilities or during gas injection and production operations, insoluble particles in the interlayers may detach from the surrounding rock and collapse, thereby causing significant changes in the flow patterns of brine and gas within the cavities. To this end, the accuracy of the OpenFOAM-LIGGGHTS (LAMMPS Improved for General Granular and Granular Heat Transfer Simulations) coupling method was verified using simulations of particle free settling in water. Simulation results are in good agreement with theoretical values. The study further investigates the sedimentation characteristics of single particles, double particles, particle swarms, and rigid aggregate blocks in brine. Results indicate that the settling velocity of single particles gradually decreases with increasing brine concentration. For homogeneous double particles, lateral sedimentation exhibits three stages: steady descent, wake coupling, and equilibrium settling, with lateral repulsion induced by the Magnus effect when the initial spacing is less than four particle diameters. For heterogeneous double particles, significant lateral displacement occurs due to wake-induced drag from the larger particle. The sedimentation of particle swarms is influenced by initial spacing, particle shape, and release angle: smaller spacing enhances interparticle interactions, increases peak kinetic energy, and causes earlier lateral velocity fluctuations; higher shape factors increase fluid resistance, reducing terminal settling velocity; larger release angles prolong settling time and intensify wake-induced disturbances. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the design and remediation of salt cavern storage geometries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c05998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:08:33Z","timestamp":1787616513000},"page":"53244-53257","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study on the Falling\nCharacteristics of Interstitial\nInsolubles and the Brine Flow Field Response in Salt Cavity Reservoirs\nConsidering Particle-Fluid Interactions"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Huabin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Technical University , , , ,","place":["Fuxin, Liaoning, China, 123000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4988-4771","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wentao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Technical University , , , ,","place":["Fuxin, Liaoning, China, 123000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laigui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Technical University , , , ,","place":["Fuxin, Liaoning, China, 123000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809090869800_cit1","first-page":"500","article-title":"Sealing performance\nand permeability characteristics of typical interlayers in bedded\nsalt rock energy storage","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech.\nEng."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090809090869800_cit2","first-page":"81","article-title":"Experimental study on\ndynamic stability of leaching tubing string in salt cavern underground\ngas storage","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Gas Ind."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090809090869800_cit3","first-page":"13","article-title":"Analysis\nand remediation of cavity distortion in Well\nJ109 of jintan gas storage","volume":"53","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Well Rock\nSalt"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809090869800_cit4","first-page":"269","article-title":"Influencing factors of cavity distortion\nin Jintan salt cavern gas storage","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oil Gas Storage\nTransp."},{"key":"2026090809090869800_cit5","first-page":"145","article-title":"Induction of subsidence by\nbrine removal","volume-title":"Proceedings of the the SMRI\nFall Meeting","author":"Bekendam","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026090809090869800_cit6","first-page":"132","article-title":"Insoluble deposit in salt cavern\u2013test\ncase","volume-title":"Proceedings Of The The SMRI Fall\nMeeting","author":"Charnavel","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026090809090869800_cit7","first-page":"1099","article-title":"Catastrophe theory analysis of roof stability in salt\ncavern","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rock Soil Mech."},{"key":"2026090809090869800_cit8","first-page":"114","article-title":"Influence analysis\nof interlayer\non solution mining cavern construction in salt rock gas storage","volume":"S1","author":"Ban","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Liaoning Tech. Univ."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090809090869800_cit9","first-page":"2301","article-title":"Experimental study of influence of\nbrine immersion on tensile strength of muddy interlayers","volume":"28","author":"Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090809090869800_cit10","first-page":"3615","article-title":"Research\non mechanical mechanism\nof interlayer collapse during solution mining in salt cavern gas storage","volume":"30","author":"Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rock Soil Mech."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090809090869800_cit11","first-page":"1957","article-title":"Control technology\nof interlayer\ncollapse during solution mining of multi-interbedded salt rock for\noil and gas storage","volume":"33","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geotech. Eng."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090809090869800_cit12","first-page":"1746","article-title":"Similarity\nexperimental study on\ncavity building with large-size molded salt","volume":"31","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"issue":"S2","key":"2026090809090869800_cit13","first-page":"3703","article-title":"Engineering practice\nof groove construction\nand analysis of roof limit span in salt cavern gas storage","volume":"31","author":"Qu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090809090869800_cit14","first-page":"1785","article-title":"Key issues\nin control of solution mining for oil and\ngas storage caverns in deep salt formations","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090809090869800_cit15","first-page":"107","article-title":"Analysis of interaction\nmechanism\nbetween interlayer and brine migration during salt cavern construction","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chongqing Univ."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809090869800_cit16","first-page":"23","article-title":"Mobility behavior and application\nof insoluble sediments during groove construction stage in salt cavern\nleaching","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090809090869800_cit17","first-page":"918","article-title":"Falling\nbehavior and application\nof collapsed interlayer blocks during solution mining in salt cavern\nstorage","volume":"42","author":"Ge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"2026090809090869800_cit18","first-page":"273","article-title":"Brine string\nintegrity survey and model evaluation","volume-title":"Processes of SMRI Fall Meeting","author":"Ratigan","year":"2008"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090809090869800_cit19","first-page":"99","article-title":"Study on Multiphase\nFlow Patterns in Natural Gas Hydrate\nSediments Based on the LBM Method","volume":"35","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. China\nUniv. Pet."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809090869800_cit20","first-page":"681","article-title":"Preliminary study of dynamic characteristics\nof tubing string for solution mining of oil\/gas storage salt caverns","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rock Soil Mech."},{"key":"2026090809090869800_cit21","first-page":"172","volume-title":"Applied salt-rock\nmechanics: in-situ behavior of salt rocks","author":"Barr","year":"1977"},{"key":"2026090809090869800_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-8421-7.50042-9","article-title":"Hydrocarbon storage\nin cavities leached out of salt\nformations","volume":"1","author":"Boucly","year":"1981","journal-title":"Subsurface Space"},{"key":"2026090809090869800_cit23","first-page":"84","article-title":"In-situ test with a gas storage cavern as a basis for optimization","volume-title":"SMRI Spring Meeting","author":"Rokahr","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026090809090869800_cit24","article-title":"Microseismicity\ninduced within Hydrocarbon Storage in Salt Caverns, Manosque, France\/\/Hazard\nreview and event re-location in a 3D velocity model","volume-title":"SMRI Fall Meeting","author":"Renoux","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026090809090869800_cit25","first-page":"226","article-title":"Interior cavern\nconditions and salt fall potential","volume-title":"Proceeding\nof Solution Mining Research Institute Spring Meeting","author":"Munson","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026090809090869800_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2172\/574269","volume-title":"Strategic petroleum\nreserve caverns casing damage update 1997","author":"Munson","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026090809090869800_cit27","article-title":"Possible geologic\ninfluence on salt falls associated with the storage caverns at Bryan\nMound, Brazoria County, Texas","volume-title":"Solution\nMining Research Institute (SMRI) Spring Meeting","author":"Looff","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026090809090869800_cit28","first-page":"901","article-title":"Spall formation\nin solution mined storage caverns based on a creep and fracture analysis","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th North American Rock Mechanics\nSymposium","author":"Munson","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026090809090869800_cit29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Huntorf CAES:\nmore than 20 years of successful operation","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SMRI 2001 Spring Meeting","author":"Crotogino","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026090809090869800_cit30","first-page":"75","article-title":"The long term\neffects of high pressure natural gas storage on salt caverns","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SMRI Spring Meeting","author":"Cole","year":"2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809090869800_cit31","first-page":"89","article-title":"Numerical\nSimulation of Proppant\nMigration and Distribution in Complex Fractures","volume":"46","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. China Univ. Pet."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090809090869800_cit32","first-page":"684","article-title":"CFD-DEM simulation of the effect\nof particle shape on mixing characteristics of binary particles in\nfluidized bed","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chinese J. Process Eng."},{"key":"2026090809090869800_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2019.11.016","article-title":"CFD-DEM simulation of\nfluidization of multisphere- modelled cylindrical particles","volume":"360","author":"Farivar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090809090869800_cit34","first-page":"674","article-title":"Numerical simulation\nof settling\nprocess of single and double particles in polyacrylamide solution","volume":"51","author":"Geng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Sci-Tech Univ."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090809090869800_cit35","first-page":"1400","article-title":"Accuracy\nof drag force models in\nCFD-DEM coupled simulations","volume":"51","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Jilin Univ."},{"key":"2026090809090869800_cit36","unstructured":"Ding, W.\n          \n          Research on particle-fluid\ntwo-phase coupling model based on CFD-DEM; Shanghai Jiao Tong University: Shanghai,\nChina, 2021."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090809090869800_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s10404-016-1742-1","article-title":"Inertial\neffects on cylindrical particle migration in linear shear flow near\na wall","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microfluid. Nanofluid."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090809090869800_cit38","first-page":"1643","article-title":"CFD-DEM\nsimulation and experimental\nstudy on settling process of cylindrical particles","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chinese J. Process Eng."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090809090869800_cit39","first-page":"2366","article-title":"A new mathematical\nformulation and\nfast algorithm for fully resolved simulation of self-propulsion","volume":"228","author":"Shirgaonkar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Comput. Biophys. Chem."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090809090869800_cit40","first-page":"1136","article-title":"Settlement\nexperiment on insoluble\nparticles in rock salt","volume":"39","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oil Gas Storage Transp."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090809090869800_cit41","first-page":"9","article-title":"Influence\nof fresh brine with different\nconcentrations on cavern construction of salt cavern gas storage","volume":"54","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"China Well Rock Salt"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090809090869800_cit42","first-page":"1823","article-title":"Numerical simulation of submarine\nlandslides based on OpenFOAM-PFC coupling method","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eng. Geol."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c05998","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/35\/53244\/67112552\/acsomega.6c05998.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/35\/53244\/67112552\/acsomega.6c05998.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:09:21Z","timestamp":1788872961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/35\/53244\/5298817\/Study-on-the-Falling-Characteristics-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"35","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c05998","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]}}}