{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:13:33Z","timestamp":1788437613569,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006013","name":"United Arab Emirates University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12N248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12N248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fines migration is a critical formation-damage mechanism in sandstone reservoirs, causing permeability reduction and injectivity loss during water flooding and injection operations. The onset of fines mobilization is governed by various key physicochemical thresholds, including critical salt concentration (CSC) and critical pH. These parameters control the balance between attractive and repulsive surface forces at the fine\u2013brine\u2013rock interface through electrical double-layer expansion. Although Derjaguin\u2013Landau\u2013Verwey\u2013Overbeek (DLVO)-based modeling provides mechanistic insight, high-throughput application requires repeated calculations and extensive system-specific electrokinetic characterization. This study presents a physics-informed machine-learning framework that provides rapid and accurate predictions of both CSC and critical pH directly from reservoir, brine, and mineralogical descriptors. The main contribution is the development and systematic evaluation of machine-learning surrogate models capable of reproducing DLVO-derived fines-mobilization thresholds without repeated electrokinetic calculations. Nine ensemble algorithms were evaluated and optimized via Bayesian hyperparameter tuning using Optuna. Model performance was assessed using R2, RMSE, and MAE, with multicollinearity addressed through Pearson correlation analysis prior to training. The Extra Trees regressor demonstrated superior performance for both targets, achieving R2 = 0.9999, RMSE = 0.99, and MAE = 0.42 for CSC prediction, and R2 = 0.9999, RMSE = 0.12, and MAE = 0.03 for critical pH on independent, unseen test sets. Random Forest and CatBoost models were also able to achieve acceptable match between the true and predicted values of total potential; however, AdaBoost and XGBRF failed to capture the nonlinear behavior of electrostatic transitions. The optimized Extra Trees surrogate reproduced the DLVO-derived total interaction potential, Vt, with the highest accuracy among the tested models. CSC and critical pH are therefore obtained through a postprocessing threshold-extraction step applied to the predicted Vt profiles after screening, rather than as independent scalar outputs detached from the DLVO energy criterion. The proposed framework therefore combines mechanistic consistency with computational efficiency and enables rapid screening of fines-migration risks within the investigated ionic-strength, pH, zeta potential, and separation-distance ranges. It can support the selection of injection conditions that minimize permeability impairment and injectivity loss while reducing dependence on laboratory-intensive electrokinetic characterization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c06045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:08:20Z","timestamp":1787242100000},"page":"51731-51751","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physics-Guided\nMachine Learning for Predicting Critical\nSalt Concentration and pH in Sandstone Reservoirs"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sami Abderraouf","family":"Belkhir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United Arab Emirates University , , ,","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, 15551"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rizwan","family":"Muneer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamad Bin Khalifa University , , Education City , ,","place":["Doha, Qatar, 34110"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Shakeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qatar University , , ,","place":["Doha, Qatar, 34110"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3626-7458","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Younes","family":"Alblooshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United Arab Emirates University , , ,","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, 15551"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9584-3307","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad Rehan","family":"Hashmet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United Arab Emirates University , , ,","place":["Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, 15551"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2026090307195023400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1007\/s12182-019-0325-7","article-title":"Low-Salinity-Based\nEnhanced Oil Recovery Literature Review and Associated Screening Criteria","volume":"16","author":"Chavan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pet. Sci."},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit2","first-page":"SPE-129767","article-title":"Chemical Mechanism\nof Low Salinity Water Flooding in Sandstone Reservoirs","volume-title":"SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference?","author":"Austad","year":"2010"},{"issue":"29","key":"2026090307195023400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31216","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c02533","article-title":"Reservoir Potential\nUnlocked: Synergies Between Low-Salinity Water Flooding, Nanoparticles\nand Surfactants in Enhanced Oil Recovery\u2500A Review","volume":"10","author":"Mumbere","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9074-7","volume-title":"Migrations of Fines\nin Porous Media","author":"Khilar","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307195023400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(84)90021-3","article-title":"The Existence of\na Critical Salt Concentration for\nParticle Release","volume":"101","author":"Khilar","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307195023400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-4105(90)90011-Q","article-title":"Colloidally-Induced Fines Release\nin Porous Media","volume":"4","author":"Khilar","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090307195023400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6782","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.7b00623","article-title":"Critical Conditions\nfor Massive Fines Detachment Induced by Single-Phase Flow in Coalbed\nMethane Reservoirs: Modeling and Experiments","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2118\/209588-PA","article-title":"DLVO Modeling\nto Predict Critical\nSalt Concentration to Initiate Fines Migration Pre-and Post-Nanofluid\nTreatment in Sandstones","volume":"27","author":"Muneer","year":"2022","journal-title":"SPE J."},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.118690","article-title":"Predicting the Critical Salt Concentrations\nof Monovalent and Divalent Brines to Initiate Fines Migration Using\nDLVO Modeling","volume":"352","author":"Muneer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2023.121462","article-title":"An Integrated Modeling Approach to\nPredict Critical Flow Rate for Fines Migration Initiation in Sandstone\nReservoirs and Water-Bearing Formations","volume":"376","author":"Muneer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J.\nMol. Liq."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307195023400_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.11159\/jffhmt.2022.014","article-title":"Application of DLVO Modeling to Predict\nCritical PH for Fines Migration Pre-and Post-SiO2 and MgO Nanofluid\nTreatments in Sandstones","volume":"9","author":"Muneer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fluid Flow, Heat\nMass Transfer (JFFHMT)"},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2015.06.005","article-title":"Colloid Release and\nClogging in Porous\nMedia: Effects of Solution Ionic Strength and Flow Velocity","volume":"181","author":"Torkzaban","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090307195023400_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3727","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c05332","article-title":"Effect of Electrokinetics and Thermodynamic Equilibrium on Low-Salinity\nWater Flooding for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Sandstone Reservoirs","volume":"6","author":"Elakneswaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"03","key":"2026090307195023400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.2118\/144009-PA","article-title":"Mathematical\nModel for Fines-Migration-Assisted\nWaterflooding with Induced Formation Damage","volume":"18","author":"Zeinijahromi","year":"2013","journal-title":"SPE J."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026090307195023400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1080\/10916466.2011.653702","article-title":"Skin Due to\nFines Mobilization, Migration, and Straining during Steady-State Oil\nProduction","volume":"30","author":"Bedrikovetsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pet. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, Z.; Bedrikovetsky, P.\n          Well Productivity\nImpairment Due to Fines Migration. In  SPE\nInternational Conference and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control; OnePetro, 2018.","DOI":"10.2118\/189532-MS"},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126660","article-title":"Fines Migration in Aquifers: Production History Treatment\nand Well Behaviour Prediction","volume":"602","author":"Chequer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit18","first-page":"3","article-title":"Fines Migration\nin Aquifers\nand Oilfields: Laboratory and Mathematical Modelling","volume-title":"Flow and Transport in Subsurface Environment","author":"Yang","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit19","first-page":"1211","article-title":"Artificial Ground Water Recharge and Recovery of a\nHighly Saline Aquifer","author":"Saharawat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2014.04.005","article-title":"Groundwater Salinity in a Floodplain Forest Impacted\nby Saltwater Intrusion","volume":"169","author":"Kaplan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2014.09.023","article-title":"Application\nof Nanofluid to Control\nFines Migration to Improve the Performance of Low Salinity Water Flooding\nand Alkaline Flooding","volume":"124","author":"Assef","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2020.114210","article-title":"A Mechanistic Study\nof Smart Water Injection in the Presence of Nanoparticles for Sand\nProduction Control in Unconsolidated Sandstone Reservoirs","volume":"319","author":"Shakiba","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. 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URSS"},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1021\/j150453a001","article-title":"Theory\nof the Stability of Lyophobic Colloids: The Interaction of Sol Particles\nHaving an Electric Double Layer","volume":"51","author":"Verwey","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem.\nA"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090307195023400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269C","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2427992","article-title":"The Electrical Double\nLayer around a Spherical Colloid Particle","volume":"108","author":"Loeb","year":"1961","journal-title":"J.\nElectrochem. Soc."},{"issue":"1\u20136","key":"2026090307195023400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/00986448708911918","article-title":"Effects of Born Repulsion on Particle\nDetachment","volume":"55","author":"BAROUCH","year":"1987","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Commun."},{"issue":"49","key":"2026090307195023400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31624","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c03943","article-title":"Fine Migration Control in Sandstones:\nSurface Force Analysis and Application of DLVO Theory","volume":"5","author":"Muneer","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090307195023400_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12061219","article-title":"Machine Learning\nin Reservoir Engineering: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Processes"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090307195023400_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13071209","article-title":"Unlocking the Power\nof Artificial Intelligence: Accurate Zeta Potential Prediction Using\nMachine Learning","volume":"13","author":"Muneer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090307195023400_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S1876-3804(20)60041-6","article-title":"Subsurface\nAnalytics: Contribution of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning\nto Reservoir Engineering, Reservoir Modeling, and Reservoir Management","volume":"47","author":"Mohaghegh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pet. Explor. Dev."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090307195023400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3390\/fluids4030126","article-title":"Application\nof Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence\nin Proxy Modeling for Fluid Flow in Porous Media","volume":"4","author":"Amini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fluids"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307195023400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44160-0","article-title":"Modeling of Formation\nDamage during Smart Water Flooding in Sandstone Reservoirs","volume":"13","author":"Bagrezaie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3997\/2214-4609.202439026","article-title":"Pore-Plugging\nPrediction of Formation Damage during Fine Migration Using Machine\nLearning","volume-title":"Fourth EAGE Digitalization Conference\n& Exhibition","author":"Seydi","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2025.134106","article-title":"Machine Learning-Driven\nIdentification and Predictive Mapping of Clogging Regimes in Porous\nMedia","volume":"662","author":"Elrahmani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090307195023400_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1007\/s13202-020-00941-1","article-title":"Machine Learning-Based\nModels for Predicting Permeability Impairment\nDue to Scale Deposition","volume":"10","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pet. Explor. Prod.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muneer, R.; Hashmet, M. R.; Pourafshary, P.\n          Prediction\nof\nCritical PH for Fines Migration Pre-and Post-Nanofluid Treatment in\nSandstone Reservoirs Using the DLVO Modelling. In  Proceedings of 8th World Congress on Mechanical, Chemical and Material\nEngineering (MCM\u201922), Prague, Czech Republic, Vol.\n31, 2022.","DOI":"10.11159\/iccpe22.126"},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-84858-7","volume-title":"The Elements of Statistical\nLearning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction","author":"Hastie","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.122778","article-title":"A Review of Ensemble Learning and\nData Augmentation Models for Class Imbalanced Problems: Combination,\nImplementation and Evaluation","volume":"244","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst.\nAppl."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307195023400_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1006\/jcss.1997.1504","article-title":"A Decision-Theoretic\nGeneralization of on-Line Learning\nand an Application to Boosting","volume":"55","author":"Freund","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Comput. Syst.\nSci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307195023400_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random Forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013203451","article-title":"Greedy\nFunction Approximation: A Gradient Boosting Machine","volume":"29","author":"Friedman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090307195023400_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1016218223","article-title":"Additive Logistic\nRegression: A Statistical\nView of Boosting (with Discussion and a Rejoinder by the Authors)","volume":"28","author":"Friedman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. 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Syst.\n          2017; Vol. 30."},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit52","article-title":"XGBoost: A Scalable Tree Boosting\nSystem. In Proceedings of the 22Nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference\non Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (Vol, Pg 785, 2016)","author":"Ester","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit53","volume-title":"An Introduction to Statistical\nLearning with Applications in R","author":"James","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit54","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit-Learn:\nMachine Learning in\nPython","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Machine Learning Res."},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit55","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit-Learn:\nMachine Learning in\nPython","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Machine Learning Res."},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.118690","article-title":"Predicting\nthe Critical Salt Concentrations\nof Monovalent and Divalent Brines to Initiate Fines Migration Using\nDLVO Modeling","volume":"352","author":"Muneer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"issue":"49","key":"2026090307195023400_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31624","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c03943","article-title":"Fine Migration\nControl in Sandstones:\nSurface Force Analysis and Application of DLVO Theory","volume":"5","author":"Muneer","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11159\/jffhmt.2022.014","article-title":"Application of DLVO Modeling to Predict\nCritical PH for Fines Migration Pre- and Post-SiO2 and MgO Nanofluid\nTreatments in Sandstones","author":"Muneer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fluid Flow Heat\nMass Transfer"},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9074-7","volume-title":"Migrations of Fines\nin Porous Media","author":"Khilar","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit60","volume-title":"Theory of the Stability\nof Lyophobic Colloids: The Interaction of Sol Particles Having an\nElectric Double Layer","author":"Verwey","year":"1948"},{"key":"2026090307195023400_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6816(93)90013-l","article-title":"Theory\nof the Stability of Strongly Charged Lyophobic Sol and of the Adhesion\nof Strongly Charged Particles in Solutions of Electrolytes","volume":"14","author":"Derjaguin","year":"1941","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Chim. URSS"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090307195023400_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2907070","article-title":"A Survey\nof Predictive Modeling on\nImbalanced Domains","volume":"49","author":"Branco","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090307195023400_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(81)90018-7","article-title":"Approximate\nExpressions for Retarded van Der Waals Interaction","volume":"83","author":"Gregory","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. 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