{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:01:16Z","timestamp":1791302476396,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52130411"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52130411"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tunnel fires involving vehicle carriers transporting new-energy vehicles, heavy goods vehicles (HGVs), and tanker trucks are characterized by high heat release rate (HRR) and large blockage ratio (\u03c6), posing significant challenges to tunnel smoke control. Previous studies have mainly focused on conventional tunnel fires (HRR &amp;lt; 40 MW), while the coupled effects of \u03c6 and HRR under large-fire conditions remain insufficiently understood. To address this gap, full-scale numerical simulations were conducted using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) to investigate the critical ventilation velocity (vc) under HRR ranging from 10 to 300 MW and \u03c6 ranging from 0 to 0.6. The numerical model was validated against the Memorial Tunnel full-scale fire tests, with a prediction error of 5.26%. A quantitative coupling relationship between \u03c6, HRR, and vc was established, and a quadratic predictive model was developed to characterize their combined effects. The results show that vc decreases almost linearly with increasing \u03c6, with a reduction of approximately 0.10\u20130.20 m\/s for every 10% increase in \u03c6. For large-fire scenarios (100\u2013300 MW), the coupling degree exceeds 0.90, exhibiting a distinct weak-strong-weak coupling pattern with increasing \u03c6. Furthermore, the influence of \u03c6 gradually weakens as HRR increases, indicating that HRR becomes the dominant factor governing vc in large tunnel fires. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the design of longitudinal ventilation systems and emergency smoke control strategies in tunnels carrying new-energy vehicles and heavy goods vehicles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c06114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:02:08Z","timestamp":1789981328000},"page":"59622-59632","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Blockage\nRatio on Smoke Control in High\nHeat Release Rate Tunnel Fires"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"(China University of Mining and Technology), Ministry of Education , , ,","place":["Xuzhou, China, 221116"]},{"name":"China University of Mining & Technology , , ,","place":["Xuzhou, China, 221116"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4477-780X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaoxing","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"(China University of Mining and Technology), Ministry of Education , , ,","place":["Xuzhou, China, 221116"]},{"name":"China University of Mining and Technology , , , ,","place":["Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China, 221116"]},{"name":"China University of Mining & Technology , , ,","place":["Xuzhou, China, 221116"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"(China University of Mining and Technology), Ministry of Education , , ,","place":["Xuzhou, China, 221116"]},{"name":"China University of Mining & Technology , , ,","place":["Xuzhou, China, 221116"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiu","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"(China University of Mining and Technology), Ministry of Education , , ,","place":["Xuzhou, China, 221116"]},{"name":"China University of Mining & Technology , , ,","place":["Xuzhou, China, 221116"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"(China University of Mining and Technology), Ministry of Education , , ,","place":["Xuzhou, China, 221116"]},{"name":"China University of Mining & Technology , , ,","place":["Xuzhou, China, 221116"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100610475991400_cit1","first-page":"273","volume-title":"Application of Norwegian\nMethod of Tunnelling (NMT) Principles to Bypass Landslides in Mountainous\nTerrain","author":"Bhasin","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026100610475991400_cit2","unstructured":"Cai, Y.\n          \n          Study on the safe\nevacuation of bus fire in a long road tunnel. 2020."},{"key":"2026100610475991400_cit3","unstructured":"Yang, J.\n          \n          Research on the characteristics\nof typical accidents and prevention and control technology in road\ntunnel\n          Fujian, China; 2017."},{"key":"2026100610475991400_cit4","unstructured":"Guo, F.\n          \n          Studies on characteristics\nof fire combustion and smoke movement in tunnels under different environmental\nconditions. 2020."},{"key":"2026100610475991400_cit5","unstructured":"Liu, W.\n          \n          Research and application\nof coordinated control technology for traffic control and ventilation\nsystem in highway tunnel fires. 2023."},{"key":"2026100610475991400_cit6","unstructured":"Zhao, S.\n          \n          Study on smoke\nmovement under longitudinal ventilation in tunnel fires. 2019."},{"key":"2026100610475991400_cit7","first-page":"14","article-title":"Domestic and\ninternational research\non the critical velocity of fires in tunnels","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mod. 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