{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:18:32Z","timestamp":1788218312181,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"33","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Polymers are remarkable macromolecules that can be fabricated with ease for the required potential applications, including biotechnology, medicine, engineering, and nanotechnology. Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers are now widely adopted in pharmaceutical formulations, since they offer better solubilization and enhanced bioavailability. One of the biggest challenges to pharmaceutical research is the poor aqueous solubility of hydrophobic drug molecules, which results in limited bioavailability and reduced therapeutic performance. In this work, well-established biocompatible polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG) is employed as the pharmaceutical excipient for the hydrophobic drug coumarin (COU). Along with PEG, a synthesized room-temperature triazolium-based protic ionic liquid (PIL) was incorporated as an additive, and their synergetic effect on COU solubilization was studied by exploring the photophysical properties of COU using steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence techniques. The experiments reveal that incorporation of COU into the PEG\/IL system significantly alters the emission intensity, spectral position, and excited-state lifetime, indicating strong nanoenvironmental modulation. Quenching studies indicate the controlled accessibility of COU, suggesting that it is partially confined within PEG rather than entirely encapsulated. A 1,2,4-triazolium-based PIL\/polymer platform enhances COU solubilization, where the polymer provides a confined environment for improved solubility and stability and the PIL enables fine control over local polarity, structural organization, and molecular accessibility. Overall, these results demonstrate that PEG\/IL systems provide a versatile and reliable platform for enhancing the solubility, stability, and photophysical properties of hydrophobic drug molecules, which underscores their promise for advanced pharmaceutical formulations and sensing applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c06167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T18:01:13Z","timestamp":1786730473000},"page":"50334-50341","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Photophysical Investigation\nof Coumarin Solubilization\nin Polyethylene Glycol Mediated by a 1,2,4-Triazolium Protic Ionic\nLiquid"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Saranya","family":"Cheriyathennatt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , , ,","place":["Coimbatore, India, 641112"]},{"name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , , ,","place":["Coimbatore, India, 641112"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surya","family":"Saravanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pondicherry University , , , ,","place":["Kalapet, Puducherry, India, 605014"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivasan","family":"Gokul Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pondicherry University , , , ,","place":["Kalapet, Puducherry, India, 605014"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5596-6684","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susithra","family":"Selvam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ethiraj College For Women , , Ethiraj Salai Egmore , , ,","place":["Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 600008"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3120-3586","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elango","family":"Kandasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , , ,","place":["Coimbatore, India, 641112"]},{"name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , , ,","place":["Coimbatore, India, 641112"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48838-3_1","volume-title":"Biomedical Applications\nPolymer Blends","author":"Klee","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit2","article-title":"Biodegradable\nand biocompatible polymer composites: Processing, properties and applications","author":"Shimpi","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3109\/21691401.2016.1146731","article-title":"Biodegradable and biocompatible polymers\nfor tissue\nengineering application: a review","volume":"45","author":"Asghari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Artif. 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Eng."},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3943","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.201700639","article-title":"Better Than the\nBest Polar Solvent:\nTuning the Polarity of 1,2,4- Triazolium-Based Ionic Liquids","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.2174\/1385272823666190627114321","article-title":"Recent advances on triazolium ionic\nliquids: Synthesis and applications","volume":"23","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Org.\nChem."},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit26","unstructured":"Cheriyathennatt, S.; Selvam, S.; Kandasamy, E.\n          Biophysical\nanalysis of triazolium-based protic ionic liquid-incorporated bile\nsalt media.  New J. 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Liq."},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-85246-1","article-title":"Copper\nand nickel doped carbon dots for rapid and sensitive fluorescent turn-off\ndetection of bilirubin","volume":"15","author":"Lakshmi Devi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07087-6","article-title":"Systematic understanding\nof anti-tumor\nmechanisms of tamarixetin through network and experimental analyses","volume":"12","author":"Shaji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1021\/cr60113a001","article-title":"The chemistry of coumarins","volume":"36","author":"Sethna","year":"1945","journal-title":"Chem.\nRev."},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit33","first-page":"234","article-title":"A review of coumarin\nderivatives and its biological activities","volume":"10","author":"Nisha","year":"2021","journal-title":"World\nJ. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201812666150702102800","article-title":"A review on chemical profile of coumarins and their\ntherapeutic role in the treatment of cancer","volume":"13","author":"Venkata Sairam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Delivery"},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-023-03459-x","article-title":"Investigating\nthe use of coumarin\nderivatives as lasers","volume":"34","author":"Noreen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Fluoresc."},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-023-03148-1","article-title":"Synthetic\ncoumarin derivatives with\nanticoagulation and antiplatelet aggregation inhibitory effects","volume":"32","author":"Ramsis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4658","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c08161","article-title":"Design, synthesis, and biological activities of novel coumarin derivatives\nas pesticide candidates","volume":"72","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4355","DOI":"10.1039\/D5QI00858A","article-title":"Metal\u2013coumarin derivatives as promising photosensitizers:\nunlocking their cancer phototherapy potential","volume":"12","author":"Vigueras","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Front."},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-46312-4_2","volume-title":"Principles of fluorescence\nspectroscopy","author":"Lakowicz","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8144","DOI":"10.1021\/jp061260r","article-title":"TD-DFT investigation of the UV spectra of pyranone\nderivatives","volume":"110","author":"Preat","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phpro.2012.05.004","article-title":"Poly (ethylene\nglycol) in drug delivery, why does it work, and can we do better?\nAll atom molecular dynamics simulation provides some answers","volume":"34","author":"Bunker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Procedia"},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chphi.2025.100929","article-title":"Curcumin Loaded\nBiocompatible Polymer Embedded Silver Nanoparticles: A Photophysical\nStudy on New Photosensitizer Composite","volume":"11","author":"Thambi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem.\nPhys. Impact"},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6054","DOI":"10.1021\/j100075a002","article-title":"Photophysical\nbehavior of coumarins as a function of substitution and solvent: Experimental\nevidence for the existence of a lowest lying 1 (n, \u03c0*) state","volume":"98","author":"de Melo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. 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Phys."},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2013.10.057","article-title":"PEG-coumarin based\nbiocompatible self-assembled fluorescent nanoaggregates synthesized\nvia click reactions and studies of aggregation behavior","volume":"416","author":"Behl","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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Soc."},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17033259","article-title":"Spectral properties\nof substituted coumarins in solution and polymer matrices","volume":"17","author":"Donovalova\u0301","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026083119120435400_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6308","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076308","article-title":"Recent advances in applications of\nfluorescent perylenediimide\nand perylenemonoimide dyes in bioimaging, photothermal and photodynamic\ntherapy","volume":"24","author":"Krupka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c06167","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/33\/50334\/66555694\/acsomega.6c06167.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/33\/50334\/66555694\/acsomega.6c06167.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:12:07Z","timestamp":1788217927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/33\/50334\/5256076\/Photophysical-Investigation-of-Coumarin"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"33","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c06167","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]}}}