{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:24:04Z","timestamp":1786465444623,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"31","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are central nervous system depressants, prescribed to slow brain activity during anxiety, seizures, insomnia, etc. However, their long-term usage is associated with health risks such as physical and physiological dependence and cognitive decline. Poisoning due to BZDs is frequently encountered in forensic toxicology, which requires their rapid and robust detection. However, their low availability in biological samples and the lack of sensitive and rapid detection methods pose challenges. In this study, we standardized a protocol for the detection and quantification of lorazepam (LZ), clonazepam (CZ), and alprazolam (AZ), the short-to-intermediate and long-acting BZDs, without employing any derivatization steps and using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS). The detection limit (LOD) of BZDs by GC\u2013MS was 5 ng\/mL, and the detection was linear between 5 and 50 ng\/mL, with coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.9984, 0.9968, and 0.9936 for LZ, CZ, and AZ, respectively. Further, rapid dispersive liquid\u2013liquid microextraction allowed enriching BZDs from human urine samples for following GC\u2013MS analysis. Interday and intraday detection precisions were analyzed, which were within agreeable limits. Together, we have developed a green analytical chemistry protocol for the rapid detection of BZDs that can be employed in forensic toxicology and analytical chemistry laboratories for criminal cases, drug overdoses, or drug monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c06253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:14:12Z","timestamp":1785849252000},"page":"47103-47112","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Standardization\nof a Protocol to Quantify Benzodiazepines\nin Human Urine Samples Employing Gas Chromatography\u2013Mass Spectrometry\u2500A\nGreen Analytical Chemistry Approach"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Vibha","family":"Acharya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education , , ,","place":["Manipal, India, 576104"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shankar M","family":"Bakkannavar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education , , ,","place":["Manipal, India, 576104"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeev","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India , , Plot No. 2, Dakshin Marg, Sector 36A , ,","place":["Chandigarh, India, 160036"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081110175127800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2035492","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2035492","article-title":"Analytical Methods\nUsed for the Detection and Quantification\nof Benzodiazepines","volume":"2019","author":"Qriouet","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anal. Methods Chem."},{"key":"2026081110175127800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232015214.10292015","article-title":"Prescric\u0327a\u0303o de benzodiazepi\u0301nicos\npara adultos e idosos de um ambulato\u0301rio de sau\u0301de mental","volume":"21","author":"Naloto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Public Health"},{"key":"2026081110175127800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1763","article-title":"Benzodiazepine Use in the United\nStates","volume":"72","author":"Olfson","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026081110175127800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2011-200314","article-title":"Benzodiazepine\nuse and risk of dementia: Evidence from\nthe Caerphilly Prospective Study (CaPS)","volume":"66","author":"Gallacher","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\nEpidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"2026081110175127800_cit5","first-page":"214","article-title":"Benzodiazepine Pharmacology\nand Central Nervous System\u2013Mediated Effects","volume":"13","author":"Griffin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ochsner J."},{"key":"2026081110175127800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3233\/JRS-2011-0542","article-title":"Psychiatric\ndrug-induced Chronic Brain Impairment (CBI): Implications for long-term\ntreatment with psychiatric medication","volume":"23","author":"Breggin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. Risk Saf. Med."},{"key":"2026081110175127800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/30.7.441","article-title":"Detection\nof Benzodiazepines in Hair\nUsing ELISA and LC-ESI-MS-MS","volume":"30","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026081110175127800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(98)00266-0","article-title":"Comparison of different\nimmunoassays\nand GC-MS screening of benzodiazepines in urine","volume":"18","author":"Augsburger","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"2026081110175127800_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/20.4.217","article-title":"Comparative\nEvaluation of Five Immunoassays for the\nAnalysis of Alprazolam and Triazolam Metabolites in Urine: Effect\nof Lowering the Screening and GC-MS Cut-Off Values","volume":"20","author":"Fraser","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol."},{"key":"2026081110175127800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/29.4.245","article-title":"Quantitation of\nBenzodiazepines in Urine, Serum, Plasma, and Meconium by LC-MS-MS","volume":"29","author":"Tang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081110175127800_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/31.7.369","article-title":"Simultaneous Analysis\nof 14 Benzodiazepines in Oral Fluid by Solid-Phase Extraction and\nLC-MS-MS","volume":"31","author":"Ngwa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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