{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:56:07Z","timestamp":1791302167360,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient??fico e Tecnol??gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["314.810\/2021-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314.810\/2021-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient??fico e Tecnol??gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["350765\/2024-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["350765\/2024-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient??fico e Tecnol??gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["407624\/2022-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["407624\/2022-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient??fico e Tecnol??gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["421.677\/2023-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["421.677\/2023-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient??fico e Tecnol??gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["422015\/2018-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["422015\/2018-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient??fico e Tecnol??gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.371759\/2019-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.371759\/2019-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda????o de Amparo ?? Pesquisa do Estado de S??o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/18293-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/18293-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda????o de Amparo ?? Pesquisa do Estado de S??o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/26517-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/26517-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda????o de Amparo ?? Pesquisa do Estado de S??o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\/16836-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/16836-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda????o de Amparo ?? Pesquisa do Estado de S??o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024\/01132-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/01132-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda????o de Amparo ?? Pesquisa do Estado de S??o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025\/11856-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025\/11856-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena????o de Aperfei??oamento de Pessoal de N??vel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The development of novel \u03b2-titanium (\u03b2-Ti) alloys has become a promising strategy to overcome the intrinsic limitations of conventional biomaterials such as Ti\u20136Al-4 V and 316L stainless steel, particularly issues related to stress shielding and limited biocompatibility. In this study, equimassic \u03b2-Ti alloys (Ti\u201333Nb\u201333Zr, Ti\u201325Nb\u201325Zr\u201325Ta, and Ti\u201340Nb\u201340Zr) were designed, processed, and characterized with the objective of achieving an optimal balance between low elastic modulus and mechanical strength. The alloys were produced by arc melting and subsequently hot rolled, followed by comprehensive structural, thermal, and mechanical analyses. Microstructural characterization revealed a predominant \u03b2 phase with minor \u03b1\u2033 martensite, while both thermodynamic simulations and experimental results indicated \u03b2-transus temperatures below 500 \u00b0C. Among the investigated compositions, Ti\u201340Nb\u201340Zr exhibited the lowest elastic modulus (42 GPa), approaching that of human bone, combined with satisfactory mechanical strength and ductility (ultimate tensile strength: 791 MPa; elongation: 39%). In contrast, Ti\u201325Nb\u201325Zr\u201325Ta presented superior hardness (316 HV0.5) and enhanced thermal stability, highlighting its potential for load-bearing biomedical applications. Electrochemical assessments in simulated body fluid (SBF) demonstrated that all \u03b2-Ti alloys possess outstanding corrosion resistance, evidenced by low corrosion current densities, high polarization resistances, and the formation of stable passive films.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c06327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:01:19Z","timestamp":1789704079000},"page":"59698-59713","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and\nCharacterization of Multiprincipal\n\u03b2-Ti Alloys with Optimized Mechanical and Corrosion Properties\nfor Biomedical Applications"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1710-487X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rafael Formenton Macedo","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista , , Av. Eng. Lui\u0301s Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 2085 , , ,","place":["Bauru, SP, Brazil, 17033-360"]},{"name":"Universidade Federal de Sa\u0303o Carlos , , Rodovia Washington Luis Km 235 , , ,","place":["Sa\u0303o Carlos, SP, Brazil, 13565-905"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1111-1334","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Virgilio Pereira","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Sa\u0303o Carlos , , Rodovia Washington Luis Km 235 , , ,","place":["Sa\u0303o Carlos, SP, Brazil, 13565-905"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Akira Bazaglia","family":"Kuroda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal da Integrac\u0327a\u0303o Latino-Americana , , ,","place":["Foz do Iguac\u0327u, PR, Brazil, 85870-650"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Correa","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sa\u0303o Paulo , , , ,","place":["Lorena, SP, Brazil, 12602-810"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3336-309X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlos Roberto","family":"Grandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista , , Av. Eng. Lui\u0301s Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 2085 , , ,","place":["Bauru, SP, Brazil, 17033-360"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1534-0561","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlos Alberto Della","family":"Rovere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Sa\u0303o Carlos , , Rodovia Washington Luis Km 235 , , ,","place":["Sa\u0303o Carlos, SP, Brazil, 13565-905"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7505-8467","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Conrado Ramos Moreira","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Sa\u0303o Carlos , , Rodovia Washington Luis Km 235 , , ,","place":["Sa\u0303o Carlos, SP, Brazil, 13565-905"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit1","volume-title":"Biomaterials Science:\nAn Introduction to Materials in Medicine","author":"Ratner","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-37880-0","volume-title":"Biomaterials","author":"Park","year":"2007","edition":"3"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100610473478000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.3390\/met10091139","article-title":"Recent Development\nin Beta Titanium\nAlloys for Biomedical Applications","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metals (Basel)"},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit4","first-page":"5169597","article-title":"Biocompatible Low Modulus Titanium\nAlloy for Medical\nImplants","author":"Davidson","year":"1992","journal-title":"U.S. Patent"},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit5","volume-title":"ASTM F136 -\nStandard Specification for Wrought Titanium-6Aluminum-4Vanadium ELI\n(Extra Low Interstitial) Alloy for Surgical Implant Applications (UNS\nR56401)","author":"ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials.","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit6","volume-title":"ASTM F138 -\nStandard Specification for Wrought 18Chromium-14Nickel-2.5Molybdenum\nStainless Steel Bar and Wire for Surgical Implants (UNS S31673)","author":"ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials.","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100610473478000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2020.02.030","article-title":"Projections and\nEpidemiology of Revision Hip and Knee Arthroplasty in the United States\nto 2030","volume":"35","author":"Schwartz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610473478000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.F.00222","article-title":"Projections of Primary\nand Revision Hip and Knee Arthroplasty in the United States from 2005\nto 2030","volume":"89","author":"Kurtz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100610473478000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3923\/jms.2007.460.467","article-title":"Problem of Stress Shielding and Improvement to the Hip Implant Designs:\nA Review","volume":"7","author":"Ridzwan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100610473478000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2008.06.004","article-title":"Ti Based Biomaterials,\nthe Ultimate Choice for Orthopaedic Implants \u2013 A Review","volume":"54","author":"Geetha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit11","first-page":"174","article-title":"Wolff\u2019s\nLaw and Bone\u2019s Structural Adaptations to Mechanical Usage:\nAn Overview for Clinicians","volume":"64","author":"Frost","year":"1994","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100610473478000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820280508","article-title":"Evaluation\nof Carcinogenicity and Chronic Toxicity Associated with Orthopedic\nImplants in Mice","volume":"28","author":"Takamura","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100610473478000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6029","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c00963","article-title":"Recent\nAdvances and Prospects in \u03b2-Type Titanium Alloys for Dental\nImplants Applications","volume":"10","author":"Calazans Neto","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100610473478000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10750","article-title":"Biocompatibility\nAssessment of Biomaterials Used in Orthopedic Devices: An Overview","volume":"22","author":"Huzum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2023.112541","article-title":"Influence\nof Zr Addition in \u03b2\nTi-25Ta-XZr Alloys on Oxide Formation by MAO-Treatment","volume":"217","author":"Kuroda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"2026100610473478000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-5373-mr-2022-0592","article-title":"Influence\nof Zr Content in Ti-40Nb-XZr\nAlloys on the Microstruture, Elastic Modulus and Microhardness","volume":"26","author":"Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2022.179341","article-title":"Continuous\nCooling Transformation\n(CCT) Diagrams of \u03b2 Ti-40Nb and TMZF Alloys and Influence of\nCooling Rate on Microstructure and Elastic Modulus","volume":"717","author":"Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.12.205","article-title":"Status of Nickel Free Stainless Steel\nin Biomedical Field: A Review of Last 10 Years and What Else Can Be\nDone","volume":"26","author":"Patnaik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today: Proc."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100610473478000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-021-05706-3","article-title":"Influence of\nSwaging on Microstructure,\nElastic Modulus and Vickers Microhardness of \u03b2 Ti-40Nb Alloy\nfor Implants","volume":"30","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610473478000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.almate.2026.03.001","article-title":"Novel Partially\nBiodegradable Ti-6Al-4V\/Zn Composites Fabricated through Hybrid Additive\nManufacturing and Powder Metallurgy","volume":"1","author":"Yadav","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Light\nMater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610473478000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801215","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201801215","article-title":"A Review on Biomedical\nTitanium Alloys: Recent Progress and Prospect","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.01.196","article-title":"Study\nof Corrosion in Biocompatible\nMetals for Implants: A Review","volume":"701","author":"Manam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100610473478000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1080\/09506608.2020.1735829","article-title":"Comprehensive\nReview on Alloy Design,\nProcessing, and Performance of \u03b2 Titanium Alloys as Biomedical\nMaterials","volume":"66","author":"Bahl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Mater. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610473478000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.3390\/cmd4040033","article-title":"Review on\nCorrosion, Tribocorrosion and Osseointegration of Titanium Alloys\nas Biomaterials","volume":"4","author":"Takadoum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Corros. Mater. Degrad."},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2020.113658","article-title":"Development of TiNbTaZrMo\nBio-High Entropy Alloy (BioHEA) Super-Solid Solution by Selective\nLaser Melting, and Its Improved Mechanical Property and Biocompatibility","volume":"194","author":"Ishimoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100610473478000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"081113","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0100465","article-title":"Development of Non-Equiatomic Bio-HEAs\nBased on TiZrNbTa-(Mo\nand Mn)","volume":"10","author":"Torrento","year":"2022","journal-title":"APL Mater."},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.12.057","article-title":"TiZrNbTaMo High-Entropy Alloy Designed for Orthopedic Implants: As-Cast\nMicrostructure and Mechanical Properties","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater.\nSci. Eng., C"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100610473478000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/21663831.2019.1584592","article-title":"Formation, Structure\nand Properties of Biocompatible TiZrHfNbTa High-Entropy\nAlloys","volume":"7","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.05.036","article-title":"Systematic\nStudy of (TiZr)XNby(TaMo)z\nMedium Entropy Alloys for Biomedical Implants","volume":"24","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2020.10.049","article-title":"Systematic\nStudy of (MoTa) NbTiZr Medium- and High-Entropy Alloys for Biomedical\nImplants- In Vivo Biocompatibility Examination","volume":"78","author":"Akmal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit31","volume-title":"Materials Science\nand Engineering: An Introduction","author":"Callister","year":"2014","edition":"9"},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-5373-mr-2023-0214","article-title":"Influence of\nHot Rolling on \u03b2 Ti-Nb-Zr(-Ta) Multiprincipal Alloys for Biomedical\nApplication","volume":"26","author":"Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit33","volume-title":"ASTM E1876-15: Standard Test Method for Dynamic\nYoung\u2019s\nModulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson\u2019s Ratio by Impulse Excitation\nof Vibration","author":"ASTM.","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit34","volume-title":"ASTM E384-17: Standard Method for Microindentation\nHardness\nof Materials","author":"ASTM.","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit35","volume-title":"ASTM E8\/E8M-16a Standard Test Methods for\nTension Testing\nof Metallic Materials","author":"ASTM.","year":"2016"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026100610473478000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.01.017","article-title":"How Useful Is SBF in\nPredicting in Vivo Bone Bioactivity?","volume":"27","author":"Kokubo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit37","first-page":"076741","article-title":"An Assessment Of Astm F 2129 Electrochemical Testing\nOf Small Medical\nImplants - Lessons Learned","volume-title":"NACE - INTERNATIONAL\nCORROSION CONFERENCE SERIES","author":"Rosenbloom","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacomc.2024.100040","article-title":"New\nLow Elastic Modulus Equimassic\n\u0392eta Ti-Nb-Zr-(Ta-Mo) Multiprincipal Alloys","volume":"4","author":"Santos","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd. Commun."},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit39","unstructured":"Santos, R. F. M.\n          \n          Influe\u0302ncia\nDa Taxa de Resfriamento No Mo\u0301dulo de Elasticidade de Ligas\nBeta Ti e Obtenc\u0327a\u0303o de Diagramas CCT, Universidade Federal\nde Sa\u0303o Carlos, 2019. https:\/\/repositorio.ufscar.br\/handle\/ufscar\/14244. Accessed (May 4, 2026)."},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1557\/s43578-025-01516-8","article-title":"New\nCorrelation between Elastic Modulus and Composition of Multiprincipal\nTernary \u03b2 Ti\u2013Nb\u2013Zr-Based Alloys","volume":"40","author":"dos Santos","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijplas.2021.103103","article-title":"Role of\nStress-Induced Martensite on Damage Behavior in a Metastable Titanium\nAlloy","volume":"146","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Plast."},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2020.139919","article-title":"Compressive\nDeformation of a Metastable \u03b2 Titanium Alloy Undergoing\na Stress-Induced Martensitic Transformation: The Role of \u03b2 Grain\nSize","volume":"794","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng., A"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026100610473478000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(97)00783-1","article-title":"Thermomechanical Processing of Beta Titanium Alloys\u2013an\nOverview","volume":"243","author":"Weiss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng., A"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610473478000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.11.010","article-title":"High Resolution\nTransmission Electron Microscopy Study of the Hardening Mechanism\nthrough Phase Separation in a \u03b2-Ti\u201335Nb\u20137Zr\u20135Ta\nAlloy for Implant Applications","volume":"6","author":"Afonso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2023.145091","article-title":"A Design of Zr-Rich\nBody-Centered Cubic Structured Refractory Complex\nConcentrated Alloy with Outstanding Tensile Strength and Ductility","volume":"874","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng., A"},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2023.119409","article-title":"On the Stability and\nFormation of the \u0391\u2033 and \u03c9\nPhases in Ti-Nb Alloys upon Cooling","volume":"262","author":"Talbot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100610473478000_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1557\/s43580-023-00653-8","article-title":"Ultrasonic\nStudy\nof Polycrystalline Ti\u201340Nb Alloys at Cryogenic Temperatures","volume":"9","author":"Gobbi","year":"2024","journal-title":"MRS Adv."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100610473478000_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13020476","article-title":"Effect of Zr Content\non Phase Stability,\nDeformation Behavior, and Young\u2019s Modulus in Ti\u2013Nb\u2013Zr\nAlloys","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2015.03.016","article-title":"Comparative Study of Structure Formation and Mechanical\nBehavior of Age-Hardened Ti\u2013Nb\u2013Zr and Ti\u2013Nb\u2013Ta\nShape Memory Alloys","volume":"103","author":"Inaekyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026100610473478000_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2006.06.094","article-title":"Aging Response\nof the Ti\u201335Nb\u20137Zr\u20135Ta and Ti\u201335Nb\u20137Ta\nAlloys","volume":"433","author":"Ferrandini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026100610473478000_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2008.06.018","article-title":"Effect of Fe and Zr\nAdditions on \u03c9 Phase Formation in \u03b2-Type Ti\u2013Mo\nAlloys","volume":"497","author":"Min","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng., A"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026100610473478000_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2009.07.006","article-title":"Influence of Zr Content\non Phase Transformation, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties\nof Ti75\u2013xNb25Zrx (X=0\u20136) Alloys","volume":"486","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610473478000_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3390\/thermo5040046","article-title":"Heat Treatment Effects\non \u03b2\nTi-10Mo-XMn Alloys for Biomedical Applications","volume":"5","author":"Lourenc\u0327o","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thermo"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100610473478000_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2019.07.020","article-title":"Preparation, Structural\nand Microstructural Characterization\nof Ti-25Ta-10Zr Alloy for Biomedical Applications","volume":"8","author":"Quadros","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2024.09.248","article-title":"Findings and Perspectives of \u03b2-Ti Alloys with\nBiomedical Applications: Exploring beyond Biomechanical and Biofunctional\nBehaviour","volume":"33","author":"Elhadad","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100610473478000_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2010.11.049","article-title":"Influence of Oxygen Content on Microstructure\nand Mechanical Properties\nof Ti\u2013Nb\u2013Ta\u2013Zr Alloy","volume":"32","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater.\nDes."},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit57","volume-title":"ASM. Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloy","author":"Boyer","year":"1994"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100610473478000_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13061306","article-title":"New Zr-Ti-Nb\nAlloy for Medical Application: Development, Chemical and Mechanical\nProperties, and Biocompatibility","volume":"13","author":"Mishchenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materials\n(Basel)"},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2012.11.045","article-title":"Influence\nof Equiatomic Zr\/Nb Substitution on Superelastic Behavior of Ti\u2013Nb\u2013Zr\nAlloy","volume":"563","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng., A"},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.03.023","article-title":"Development of Ti\u2013Nb\u2013Zr\nAlloys with High Elastic Admissible Strain for Temporary Orthopedic\nDevices","volume":"20","author":"Ozan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315370293","volume-title":"Fracture Mechanics","author":"Anderson","year":"2017"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026100610473478000_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(97)00146-4","article-title":"Titanium Alloys in\nTotal Joint Replacement\u2013a Materials Science\nPerspective","volume":"19","author":"Long","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"April","key":"2026100610473478000_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2022.104069","article-title":"Effect of Zr Content on the Physicochemical\n, Electrochemical , and\nBiological Properties of Ti 80 Nb 20 -Based Alloys","volume":"32","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2022"},{"issue":"January","key":"2026100610473478000_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-022-06864-2","article-title":"Development and Investigation of Mesoporous Bioactive\nGlass \/ Zein\nCoatings Electrodeposited on Titanium Alloy for Biomedical Applications","volume":"54","author":"Moskalewicz","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit65","first-page":"1","article-title":"An Assessment of ASTM F 2129 Electrochemical Testing of Small Medical\nImplants - Lessons Learned","volume-title":"Corrosion Conference\n& Expo","author":"Rosenbloom","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202301175","article-title":"Electrochemical\nCorrosion Behavior in Simulated Body Fluid of a Metastable \u03b2\n-Type Ti29Nb13Ta4","volume":"2301175","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"6Zr Biomedical Alloy with\nImproved Mechanical Properties"},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11050487","volume-title":"Passive Layers and Corrosion\nResistance of\nBiomedical Ti-6Al-4V and \u03b2 -Ti Alloys","author":"Bocchetta","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1116\/1.591472","article-title":"Band Offsets\nof Wide-Band-Gap Oxides and Implications\nfor Future Electronic Devices","volume":"1791","author":"Robertson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610473478000_cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/14686996.2022.2106156","article-title":"Biocompatibility\nof Titanium from the Viewpoint of Its Surface","volume":"23","author":"Hanawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610473478000_cit70","first-page":"13","article-title":"Corrosion Study of Metallic Biomaterials\nin Simulated\nBody Fluid","volume":"17","author":"Engineers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metal. - J. Metall."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100610473478000_cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s10800-022-01683-0","article-title":"Corrosion Evaluation\nof Ti \u2013 6Al \u2013 4V Manufactured by Electron Beam Melting\nin Ringer \u2019 s Physiological Solution : An in Vitro Study of\nthe Passive Film","volume":"52","author":"Shahsavari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Electrochem."},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2021.11.043","article-title":"Influences\nof Alloying Elements and Dendritic Spacing on the Corrosion Behavior\nof Al e Si e Ag Alloys","volume":"15","author":"Fernandes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"issue":"January","key":"2026100610473478000_cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2025.01.136","article-title":"Optimizing Strength\nand Corrosion Resistance of the Metastable \u03b2 -Alloy Ti \u2013\n35Nb \u2013 7Zr \u2013 5Ta Alloy by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing","volume":"35","author":"Silva","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"issue":"January","key":"2026100610473478000_cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2023.111271","article-title":"Corrosion\nResistance\nof \u03b2-Phase Titanium Alloys under Simulated Inflammatory Conditions:\nExploring the Relevance of Biocompatible Alloying Elements","volume":"220","author":"Sotniczuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.04.138","article-title":"Corrosion Behavior of Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr\nand Commercially Pure Ti under Simulated Inflammatory Conditions \u2013\nComparative Effect of Grain Refinement and Non-Toxic \u03b2 Phase\nStabilizers","volume":"312","author":"Sotniczuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"2026100610473478000_cit76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2005.02.128","article-title":"CPE Analysis\nby Local Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy","volume":"51","author":"Jorcin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026100610473478000_cit77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2011.12.022","article-title":"Characterization of Passive Films\non Shape Memory Stainless Steels","volume":"57","author":"Della Rovere","year":"2012","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c06327","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/59698\/68550094\/acsomega.6c06327.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/59698\/68550094\/acsomega.6c06327.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:09:27Z","timestamp":1791299367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/39\/59698\/5432352\/Development-and-Characterization-of-Multiprincipal"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c06327","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]}}}