{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:54:29Z","timestamp":1791302069159,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002886","name":"China National Petroleum Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023D-5008-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023D-5008-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002886","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002886","name":"China National Petroleum Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023ZZ08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZZ08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002886","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002886","name":"China National Petroleum Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026DQ03091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026DQ03091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002886","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Unconventional oil and gas have been playing an increasingly important role in the global energy market. The primary development technique for shale and tight reservoirs is hydraulic fracturing, which aims to create high-permeability channels propped by quartz sand or ceramsite, enabling oil and gas to flow out smoothly and steadily. However, during the transportation of the fracturing fluid, proppants continuously settle, leaving narrow fractures and the distal end unsupported. These are critical zones, where conductivity loss severely limits production efficiency. To address this challenge, this study innovatively proposes an in situ propping technique based on controllable biomimetic crystallization of hydroxyapatite (HAP). We developed an inorganic formulation capable of transitioning from liquid injection to solid propping under reservoir temperature conditions (&amp;gt;75 \u00b0C). Through formulation optimization and adding an organic regulator, the diameter of the in situ formed HAP proppant can be controlled to range from 100 nm to 300 \u03bcm, ensuring its capability of reinforcing fractures against crushing under stress. Core permeability experiments demonstrated that after proppant placement at 30 MPa pressure, the fracture permeability of the treated cores was 36 times higher than that of unsupported fractures. This novel technique offers new insights and broad prospects for hydraulic fracturing. It enables more coverage support of fracture networks and extensive enhancement of fracture permeability, with its potential to resolve proppant settling issues and maintain long-term fracture conductivity. This represents a promising pathway for future unconventional petroleum production and enhanced oil recovery (EOR).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c06338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T06:01:30Z","timestamp":1789797690000},"page":"59686-59697","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Novel Technique\nto Enhance Hydraulic Fracture Permeability\nby Controllable Biomimetic Mineralization: Transitioning from Liquid\nInjection to Solid Propping"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4481-2970","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Weidong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil & Gas Recovery , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]},{"name":"Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development (RIPED), PetroChina , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]},{"name":"China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3822-5542","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qingfeng","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil & Gas Recovery , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]},{"name":"Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development (RIPED), PetroChina , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]},{"name":"China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development (RIPED), PetroChina , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4648-9898","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yingting","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil & Gas Recovery , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]},{"name":"Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development (RIPED), PetroChina , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]},{"name":"China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Technology Research Institute of Southwest Oil & Gas Field Company, PetroChina , ,","place":["Chengdu, China, 610017"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil & Gas Recovery , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]},{"name":"Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development (RIPED), PetroChina , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]},{"name":"China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weidong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil & Gas Recovery , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]},{"name":"Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development (RIPED), PetroChina , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]},{"name":"China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026100610463406800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1306\/C1EA55CB-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865D","article-title":"Deep basin\ngas trap, western Canada","volume":"63","author":"Masters","year":"1979","journal-title":"AAPG Bull."},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1306\/M74775C4","article-title":"Oil: are we running\nout?","volume-title":"Petroleum Provinces of the Twenty-first\nCentury","author":"Deming","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2013.08.006","article-title":"Continuous hydrocarbon\naccumulation over a large area as a distinguishing characteristic\nof unconventional petroleum: The Ordos Basin, North-Central China","volume":"126","author":"Zou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2015.0426","article-title":"Understanding\nhydraulic fracturing:\na multi-scale problem","volume":"374","author":"Hyman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc.\nA"},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2017.05.001","article-title":"Element release\nand reaction-induced porosity alteration during shale-hydraulic fracturing\nfluid interactions","volume":"82","author":"Harrison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoen.2025.214143","article-title":"Biogeochemistry during\nhydraulic fracturing: A critical review of reservoirs, fluids, processes,\nand implications","volume":"256","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"Geoenergy Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2017.05.019","article-title":"Fluid Mechanics\nof Hydraulic Fracturing: a Review","volume":"156","author":"Osiptsov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci.\nEng."},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2021.109211","article-title":"A review of\nexperimental studies on the proppant settling in hydraulic fractures","volume":"208","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610463406800_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.2118\/182006-PA","article-title":"Transient rate analysis\nof stress-sensitive hydraulic fractures: considering the geomechanical\neffect in anisotropic shale","volume":"21","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"SPE Reservoir Eval.\nEng."},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/jpetlm.2015.11.001","article-title":"A comprehensive\nreview on proppant technologies","volume":"2","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Petro"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026100610463406800_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13046","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c09936","article-title":"A Comprehensive\nReview of Proppant Selection in Unconventional Reservoirs","volume":"10","author":"Shafiq","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.02.056","article-title":"Numerical\nsimulation of proppant transport in propagating\nfractures with the multi-phase particle-in-cell method","volume":"245","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/jpetrol.2019.106199","article-title":"Proppant transport in complex fracture networks-a review","volume":"182","author":"Sahai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Petrol. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, D.; Rankin, P. E.; Williams, B.; Palisch, T.; Kullman, J.\n          Performance of Mixed\nProppant Sizes. Paper SPE 168629 Presented at the SPE Hydraulic\nFracturing Technology Conference in 2014 February 4-6, The Woodlands, Texas.","DOI":"10.2118\/168629-MS"},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2006.06.006","article-title":"New model for single spherical particle\nsettling velocity in power law (visco-inelastic) fluids","volume":"33","author":"Shah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Multiphas. Flow"},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit16","unstructured":"Shah, V. 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Bull."},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, L.; Yuan, H.; Gong, Y.; He, C.; Zhou, H.; Wang, X.; Qin, W.; Yang, S.; Ren, X.\n          High-strength and long-term\ndurable hydrophobic polystyrene microsphere: a promising ultra-lightweight\nproppant for fracturing technology\n          Polym.\nBull.\n          2021, pp 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-021-03683-0"},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2020.108026","article-title":"Recent\nadvances in multifunctional proppant technology and increased well\noutput with micro and nano proppants","volume":"196","author":"Danso","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Petrol.\nSci. 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Chem."},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.06.137","article-title":"Experimental\nStudy on a new type\nof self-propping fracturing technology","volume":"183","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit27","first-page":"60","article-title":"Laboratory study and field application\nof self-propping phase-transition\nfracturing technology","volume":"40","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Gas. Ind."},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.149765","article-title":"A green and eco-friendly method to\nenhance bamboo flame resistance via calcium alginate assisted in-situ\nmineralization of hydroxyapatite","volume":"485","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng.\nJ."},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2026.173331","article-title":"Super-tough, multifunctional\nbiomimetic mineralized silk cocoon-based filter membrane with an organic-inorganic\ncomposite hierarchical structure","volume":"530","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Eng.\nJ."},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2022.111815","article-title":"Biomimetic mineralization:\nAn emerging organism engineering strategy for biomedical applications","volume":"232","author":"Nie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100610463406800_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3516","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c00109","article-title":"Biomimetic\nMineralization: From Microscopic to Macroscopic\nMaterials and Their Biomedical Applications","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8240","article-title":"Biomimetic mineralization\nof metal-organic frameworks as protective coatings for biomacromolecules","volume":"6","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit33","unstructured":"Tong, S.; Miller, C.; Kishore, M.\n          Generation of In-Situ\nProppant through Hydro-Thermal Reactions, Paper presented\nat the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition; The Woodlands: Texas, USA, 201910.2118\/194320-MS."},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.12.079","article-title":"A new strategy for fabrication of\nbone scaffolds using electrospun nano-HAp\/PHB fibers and protein hydrogels","volume":"289","author":"Sadat-Shojai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.147096","article-title":"Preparation\nof hydroxyapatite (HAP) from waste eggshells\nfor enhancing the granulation and treatment performance of aerobic\ngranular sludge: Enhancement effects and mechanism insights","volume":"477","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13010021","article-title":"Automated Particle Size and Shape\nDetermination Methods: Application to Proppant Optimization","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2012.08.007","article-title":"Optimization\nof proppant size for frac pack completion using a new equipment","volume":"96-97","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2025.143165","article-title":"Tuning the growth of\nHAP crystal with GA: FTIR, XRD, morphological characterization, in-vitro\nproliferation studies and computational evaluation","volume":"1345","author":"Thamizharasi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cep.2025.110436","article-title":"Continuous\nprecipitation of nanosized\ncalcium phosphates, including HAp: the role of operating conditions\nand highly ydrolyzed PVA additive on particles\u2019 characteristics,\nphase composition, and precipitation kinetics","volume":"216","author":"Stec","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Process."},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1081\/E-EBPP-120050598","article-title":"Bone Cements: Formulation, Modification, and Characterization","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Biomedical Polymers and Polymeric Biomaterials","author":"Cervantes-Uc","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026100610463406800_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23286","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA03686G","article-title":"Enhancing bioactivity\nand mechanical performances of hydroxyapatite\u2013calcium sulfate\nbone cements for bone repair: in vivo histological evaluation in rabbit\nfemurs","volume":"14","author":"Jaita","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c06338","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/59686\/68563164\/acsomega.6c06338.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/59686\/68563164\/acsomega.6c06338.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:04:48Z","timestamp":1791299088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/39\/59686\/5433228\/Novel-Technique-to-Enhance-Hydraulic-Fracture"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c06338","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]}}}