{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:49:13Z","timestamp":1791920953836,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"Svenska Forskningsr?det Formas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-01943"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-01943"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012683","name":"Walter Ahlstr?min S??ti?","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012683","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["353841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["353841"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cellulose-lignin-based fibrous carbon materials have received significant attention as sustainable alternatives to petroleum-derived carbon fibers. While prior studies have mainly focused on spinning parameters and thermal processing to enhance mechanical performance, limited research has addressed the influence of stretching these biocomponent filaments during carbonization on molecular alignment, crystalline structure, and resulting mechanical properties. In this study, continuous cellulose-lignin mixed filaments containing 0, 30, and 50% lignin were produced using a dry-jet wet spinning method. The filaments underwent tailored stabilization and carbonization using a lab-scale continuous line, with varying draw ratios (DR = 1\u20131.5) applied during carbonization at 850 \u00b0C. The effects of stretching and lignin content on the carbon fibers\u2019 properties were evaluated through tensile testing, wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), and Raman spectroscopy. Lignin-containing filaments demonstrated improved stretchability compared to pure cellulose fibers. Especially, carbon fibers derived from precursor fibers with 50 wt % lignin showed a 25% increase in Young\u2019s modulus under DR = 1.5 (49 GPa) relative to DR = 1 (41 GPa). After high-temperature carbonization at 1100 \u00b0C, the modulus further increased to 58 GPa compared to 46 GPa for unstretched fibers, corresponding to an enhanced molecular orientation factor (0.6 vs 0.5) confirmed by WAXS. This approach provides a promising route toward higher performance of bioderived carbon fibers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c06352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:01:22Z","timestamp":1790917282000},"page":"61335-61343","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Continuous Conversion of Cellulose and Lignin-Cellulose\nPrecursors to Carbon Fibers: The Importance of Stretching during Low-Temperature\nCarbonization"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Bengtsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE Research Institutes of Sweden , , ,","place":["Stockholm, Sweden, 114 28"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mijung","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalto University , , ,","place":["Espoo, Finland, 02150"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2513-4289","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jenny","family":"Bengtsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE Research Institutes of Sweden , , ,","place":["Mo\u0308lndal, Sweden, 431 53"]},{"name":"Chalmers University of Technology , , ,","place":["Gothenburg, Sweden, 412 96"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Sedin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE Research Institutes of Sweden , , ,","place":["Stockholm, Sweden, 114 28"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Westerback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalto University , , ,","place":["Espoo, Finland, 02150"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6982-031X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Hummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalto University , , ,","place":["Espoo, Finland, 02150"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101315070093000_cit1","volume-title":"World\nSurvey on Textiles & Nonwovens","year":"2024"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026101315070093000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5262","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201306129","article-title":"Carbon Fibers: Precursor Systems, Processing, Structure,\nand Properties","volume":"53","author":"Frank","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026101315070093000_cit3","unstructured":"O\u0308hman, F.; Theliander, H.; Tomani, P.; Axegard, P.\n          Method for\nSeparating Lignin from Black Liquor; US 8,486,224 B2, 2004."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101315070093000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9050804","article-title":"Systematic\nReview on Isolation Processes for Technical Lignin","volume":"9","author":"Kienberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Processes"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101315070093000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4566","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.6.4.4566-4593","article-title":"Lignin Recovered from\nthe Near-Neutral Hemicellulose Extraction Process as a Precursor for\nCarbon Fiber","volume":"6","author":"Luo","year":"2011","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"issue":"106","key":"2026101315070093000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87187","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA16649G","article-title":"Comprehensive Structural\nAnalysis of Biorefinery Lignins\nwith a Quantitative 13C NMR Approach","volume":"5","author":"Balakshin","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101315070093000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3390\/plants4020183","article-title":"Determining\nthe Composition of Lignins\nin Different Tissues of Silver Birch","volume":"4","author":"Fagerstedt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plants"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026101315070093000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(02)00248-8","article-title":"Lignin-Based Carbon Fibers for Composite Fiber Applications","volume":"40","author":"Kadla","year":"2002","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"2026101315070093000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cartre.2021.100094","article-title":"Influence\nof the Carbonization Temperature on the Properties of Carbon Fibers\nBased on Technical Softwood Kraft Lignin Blends","volume":"5","author":"Enengl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbon Trends"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101315070093000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.201600441","article-title":"Carbon\nFibers Prepared from Melt Spun Peracylated Softwood Lignin: An Integrated\nApproach","volume":"302","author":"Steudle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101315070093000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3824","DOI":"10.1002\/app.38588","article-title":"A New Method\nfor Stabilizing Softwood Kraft Lignin\nFibers for Carbon Fiber Production","volume":"128","author":"Norberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl.\nPolym. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101315070093000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0015-0568(70)90016-3","article-title":"Carbon\nResin Composites","volume":"3","author":"Prosen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Fibre Sci. 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Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101315070093000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6223(80)90064-0","article-title":"The Significance\nof Heating Rate on Char Yield and\nChar Properties in the Pyrolysis of Cellulose","volume":"18","author":"Brunner","year":"1980","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026101315070093000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5191","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.2c00265","article-title":"Preparation\nof Cellulose-Derived Carbon Fibers Using a New Reduced-Pressure Stabilization\nMethod","volume":"61","author":"Vocht","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101315070093000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7633","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-023-05404-4","article-title":"Role of\nSulfuric\nAcid in Thermostabilization and Carbonization of Lyocell Fibers","volume":"30","author":"Jang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101315070093000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-020-03505-y","article-title":"Superbase-Based Protic Ionic Liquids\nfor Cellulose Filament Spinning","volume":"28","author":"Elsayed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101315070093000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-017-1579-0","article-title":"Enhanced Stabilization\nof Cellulose-Lignin Hybrid Filaments for Carbon Fiber Production","volume":"25","author":"Byrne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101315070093000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1515\/hf-2018-0028","article-title":"Improved Yield\nof Carbon Fibres from\nCellulose and Kraft Lignin","volume":"72","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Holzforschung"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101315070093000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8440","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b00108","article-title":"Carbon Fibers\nfrom Lignin-Cellulose Precursors: Effect of Stabilization Conditions","volume":"7","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. 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Polym."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101315070093000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.1c01226","article-title":"Chemically\nAccelerated Stabilization of a Cellulose-Lignin Precursor as a Route\nto High Yield Carbon Fiber Production","volume":"23","author":"Le","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"2026101315070093000_cit25","unstructured":"Schalamon, W.; Bacon, R.\n          Process for Producing Carbon Fibers\nHaving a High Young\u2019s Modulus of Elasticity; US 3,716,331 A, 1973."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101315070093000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-013-7748-0","article-title":"Effect of Hot Stretching Graphitization\non the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Rayon-Based Carbon Fibers","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. 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Low Temperature Pyrolysis","volume":"2","author":"Tang","year":"1964","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"2026101315070093000_cit30","unstructured":"Garoff, N.; Protz, R.; Erdmann, J.; Ganster, J.; Lehmann, A.\n          A Fiber and a Process\nfor the Manufacture\nThereof; WO 2,016,199,060 A1, 2016."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026101315070093000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4030","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.201501094","article-title":"High-Strength Composite\nFibers from Cellulose-Lignin Blends Regenerated from Ionic Liquid\nSolution","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"ChemSusChem"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026101315070093000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6826","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c01734","article-title":"Carbon Fibers from Lignin\u2013Cellulose\nPrecursors:\nEffect of Carbonization Conditions","volume":"8","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable\nChem. Eng."},{"issue":"26","key":"2026101315070093000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/app.50629","article-title":"The Challenge\nof Predicting Spinnability: Investigating Benefits of Adding Lignin\nto Cellulose Solutions in Air-Gap Spinning","volume":"138","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101315070093000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1515\/hf-2023-0023","article-title":"Preventing\nFiber-Fiber Adhesion of Lignin-Cellulose Precursors and Carbon Fibers\nwith Spin Finish Application","volume":"77","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Holzforschung"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101315070093000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3390\/fib10120108","article-title":"Carbon Fibers from Wet-Spun Cellulose-Lignin\nPrecursors Using the Cold Alkali Process","volume":"10","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fibers"},{"key":"2026101315070093000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.211","article-title":"Variation in the Hierarchical Structure\nof Lignin-Blended\nCellulose Precursor Fibers","volume":"225","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"April","key":"2026101315070093000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2024.106591","article-title":"Identification of a\nPolyfuran Network as the Initial Carbonization Intermediate in Cellulose\nPyrolysis: A Comparative Analysis with Cellulosic Hydrochars","volume":"181","author":"Fliri","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101315070093000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6434","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b00209","article-title":"Skipping Oxidative\nThermal Stabilization for Lignin-Based Carbon Nanofiber","volume":"6","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. 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