{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:06:47Z","timestamp":1788876407805,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"35","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002886","name":"China National Petroleum Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023ZZ11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZZ11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002886","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005089","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2254089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2254089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The structural deterioration and performance instability of hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) under supercritical CO2 (scCO2) conditions remain major challenges for carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) applications, despite its widespread use as a sealing material in CO2 injection wells. This study methodically examined the effects of hydrogenation degree and acrylonitrile (ACN) content on the structural development and service performance of commercial HNBR. The results demonstrate that the combined effects of ACN content and hydrogenation degree dictate the scCO2 resistance of HNBR. By increasing residual unsaturation, lower hydrogenation degrees enhance the efficacy of peroxide cross-linking, improving structural stability and compression set resistance. Conversely, higher ACN concentrations increase polymer polarity and stiffness while worsening chain scission and mechanical degradation induced by scCO2. By strengthening the cross-linked network and limiting CO2 transport, the addition of N550 carbon black greatly improves thermal stability and inhibits scCO2-induced deterioration. With outstanding mechanical property retention and dimensional stability, the 2020\/N550 composite exhibits the greatest balanced performance with a moderate ACN content (\u223c36%) and a low hydrogenation degree (\u223c91%). These results provide practical recommendations and mechanistic insights for the logical design of HNBR sealing materials in scCO2-rich downhole environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c06441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T07:28:01Z","timestamp":1788247681000},"page":"53365-53378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Applicability and\nMedium-Resistance Performance of\nHydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber with Varying Nitrile Levels\nComposites with Carbon Black in Supercritical CO2"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China University of Petroleum-Beijing , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 102249"]},{"name":"PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6439-7305","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xu","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deli","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lanqiong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penghui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100083"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4578-449X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3523-788X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qiong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China University of Petroleum-Beijing , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 102249"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090809082814100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.11.019","article-title":"Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS)","volume":"235","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. 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J."},{"key":"2026090809082814100_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.01.049","article-title":"Sub- and super-critical\ncarbon dioxide permeability of wellbore materials under geological\nsequestration conditions: An experimental study","volume":"54","author":"Nasvi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"2026090809082814100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcou.2016.12.011","article-title":"In-situ disposal\nof CO2: Liquid and supercritical CO2 permeability\nin coal at multiple down-hole stress conditions","volume":"17","author":"Vishal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. CO2 Util."},{"key":"2026090809082814100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18370","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.1c02944","article-title":"Progress and\nprospects of supercritical CO2 application in the exploitation\nof shale gas reservoirs","volume":"35","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026090809082814100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.55634","article-title":"Evaluation of elastomer suitability\nfor CCUS: Chemical compatibility and rapid gas decompression in supercritical\nCO2","volume":"141","author":"Yun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"2026090809082814100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2025.113865","article-title":"Balancing multi-property trade-offs\nin EPDM O-ring seals: Tailoring curing and filler systems for strength,\ncompression set, thermal-oxidative aging, and supercritical CO2 resistance","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"2026090809082814100_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11827","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.5c02277","article-title":"Influence of fluorine\ncontent and\ncarbon black loadings on fluoroelastomers for CO2 pipeline\ntransport","volume":"7","author":"Muthukamatchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. 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Failure Anal."},{"key":"2026090809082814100_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2019.02.010","article-title":"Effects of sorption\nand desorption of CO2 on the thermomechanical experimental\nbehavior of HNBR and FKM O-rings-Influence\nof nanofiller-reinforced rubber","volume":"75","author":"Laine\u0301","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"2026090809082814100_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2020.106411","article-title":"Non-contact method\nused to determine the swelling\/shrinking\ncoefficients under CO2 sorption\/desorption on an HNBR O-ring\n- Study of coupling with temperature and pressure","volume":"85","author":"Laine\u0301","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"2026090809082814100_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2019.03.041","article-title":"Experimental investigation\nof elastomers in downhole seal elements: Implications for safety","volume":"76","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"2026090809082814100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5968","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.6c00182","article-title":"Cross-Link Density and Strain-Induced\nMolecular Chain Orientation Relationship in Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene\nRubbers","volume":"59","author":"Femina","year":"2026","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"2026090809082814100_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2023.125782","article-title":"X-ray diffraction\nstudy\nof strain-induced crystallization of hydrogenated nitrile-butadiene\nrubbers: Effect of crosslink density","volume":"271","author":"Femina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"2026090809082814100_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2024.126749","article-title":"Molecular chain orientation\nand mechanical\nproperties of hydrogenated nitrile-butadiene rubbers with different\nacrylonitrile content and crosslink density","volume":"295","author":"Femina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"2026090809082814100_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.476-478.2582","article-title":"Damage evaluation\nof supercritical CO2 for hydronibrile nitrile(HNBR)","volume":"476\u2013478","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. 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Sci."},{"key":"2026090809082814100_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1051\/mattech\/2022029","article-title":"Identification of swelling\/shrinking\ncoefficients under\nCO2 on an FKM O-ring\u2013Comparison with HNBR and influence\nof reinforcements on the matrices","volume":"110","author":"Laine\u0301","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Tech."},{"key":"2026090809082814100_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-022-0428-8","article-title":"A time-dependent Yeoh model to predict\nthe corrosion effect of supercritical CO2 on the HNBR sealing\nrubber","volume":"36","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090809082814100_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.2118\/225445-PA","article-title":"Sealing performance\nof packers in\noffshore CO2 injection wells","volume":"30","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"SPE\nJournal"},{"key":"2026090809082814100_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.161826","article-title":"Cryo-compressed CO2 sorption and diffusion\nin elastomers for the CO2 transport chain: Examples of\nFKM, EPDM and HNBR","volume":"511","author":"Ghiara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026090809082814100_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17040863","article-title":"Characterization and analysis of corrosion resistance\nof rubber materials\nfor downhole tools in a high-stress environment with coupled H2S-CO2","volume":"17","author":"Gong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Materials"}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/35\/53365\/67412621\/acsomega.6c06441.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/35\/53365\/67412621\/acsomega.6c06441.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:08:32Z","timestamp":1788872912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/35\/53365\/5329311\/Applicability-and-Medium-Resistance-Performance-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"35","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c06441","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]}}}