{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:07:06Z","timestamp":1788876426796,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"35","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Handan Municipal Department Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25422083163ZC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25422083163ZC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides (PANOs) are secondary metabolites found in plants. 63 samples, which include green tea, lightly fermented tea, semifermented tea, and fermented tea, were tested to assess the dietary exposure risk of PAs\/PANOs. We apply high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS\/MS) to detect the PAs\/PANOs in tea. This study applies the margin of exposure (MoE) approach in dietary exposure assessment, and the MoE of 10,000 or higher would be of low exposure risk for health. Among the 25 PAs\/PANOs tested, four PAs\/PANOs, including LycopsamineN-oxide, IntermedineN-oxide, Senkirkine, and Lasiocarpine, were identified in more than 10 samples. Six PAs\/PANOs were simultaneously detected in a sample of fermented tea. In this research, 77.78% of detected samples contained PAs or PANOs, and the mean value is 17.67 \u03bcg\/kg. Using the Monte Carlo simulation for the MoEs, there is only 0.2% probability that the MoE value is lower than 10,000. Calculated at the 50th percentile of total PAs\/PANO levels, continuous tea intake exceeding 94 days results in the MoE value of less than 10,000.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c06636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T20:16:55Z","timestamp":1788207415000},"page":"53487-53493","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids\nin Tea and Dietary Exposure\nAssessment of Tea Intake"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4378-6774","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guotao","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Handan Municipal Centre for Disease Prevention and Control , , ,","place":["Handan, Hebei, China, 056008"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Handan Municipal Centre for Disease Prevention and Control , , ,","place":["Handan, Hebei, China, 056008"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YingYing","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Handan Municipal Centre for Disease Prevention and Control , , ,","place":["Handan, Hebei, China, 056008"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Handan Municipal Centre for Disease Prevention and Control , , ,","place":["Handan, Hebei, China, 056008"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfei","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Handan Municipal Centre for Disease Prevention and Control , , ,","place":["Handan, Hebei, China, 056008"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhangqian","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Handan Municipal Centre for Disease Prevention and Control , , ,","place":["Handan, Hebei, China, 056008"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Handan Municipal Centre for Disease Prevention and Control , , ,","place":["Handan, Hebei, China, 056008"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090809100609500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131098","article-title":"Tea and its phytochemicals:\nHidden health benefits & modulation of signaling cascade by phytochemicals","volume":"371","author":"Bag","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"2026090809100609500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2026.148678","article-title":"Pesticide residues\nin imported black tea in Egypt: Occurrence, processing-induced\nreduction, and health risk assessment","volume":"509","author":"Elmahdy","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food\nChem."},{"key":"2026090809100609500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2026.109060","article-title":"Occurrence\nprofiles of 43 minerals in different types of Tibetan\ntea determined by ICP-MS and the associated risk assessment","volume":"153","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"2026090809100609500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.127994","article-title":"Integrating\nprobabilistic modeling and geospatial analysis\nfor nationwide assessment of dietary perchlorate exposure in China:\nRegional disparities, source contribution, and risk implications","volume":"397","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026090809100609500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.114321","article-title":"Comprehensive and cumulative\nrisk\nevaluation of dietary exposure to aflatoxins and ochratoxin A on fermented\nteas worldwide by a new assessment model","volume":"184","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food\nChem. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026090809100609500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2023.105606","article-title":"Occurrence and exposure evaluation\nof polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea samples consumed in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei\nregions of China","volume":"123","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"2026090809100609500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2025.108662","article-title":"Nationwide\ninvestigation on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in Chinese tea:\nPollution characteristics, distribution variations, and health risk\nassessment","volume":"148","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"2026090809100609500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14070452","article-title":"Mycotoxins\nin Tea ((Camellia sinensis\n(L.) Kuntze)): Contamination and Dietary Exposure Profiling in the\nChinese Population","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809100609500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2018.08.013","article-title":"Formation and risk assessment of trihalomethanes through different\ntea brewing habits","volume":"222","author":"Fakour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. 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Interact."},{"key":"2026090809100609500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.133183","article-title":"Dissipation pattern and conversion of pyrrolizidine\nalkaloids (PAs)\nand pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides (PANOs) during\ntea manufacturing and brewing","volume":"390","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"2026090809100609500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115826","article-title":"Pyrrolizidine\nalkaloid contamination\nin loose tea and its health risk assessment","volume":"207","author":"Abdallah","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Chem. 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Bioanal. 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