{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T15:51:17Z","timestamp":1789487477300,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013076","name":"National Major Science and Technology Projects of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZX06901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZX06901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22478220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22478220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Youth Talent Support Program of China","award":["2022472306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022472306"]}]},{"name":"National Nuclear Technology Development Project of China","award":["HNKF202314-48"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HNKF202314-48"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Stable spouting of small particles is critical in fluidized-bed chemical vapor deposition (FB-CVD), but spout deflection, channeling, and irregular flow often occur. In this study, cold-model experiments and CFD\u2013DEM simulations were combined to investigate the effects of particle diameter and density on spouting stability in a pseudotwo-dimensional (pseudo-2D) spouted bed. Particles of four materials were tested at different diameters: glass beads (2.6 g\/cm3), ZrO2 (5.6 g\/cm3), Fe (7.8 g\/cm3), and UO2 (10.8 g\/cm3). Unstable, transitional, and stable regimes were classified by power spectral density (PSD) analysis of pressure-drop fluctuations. Under the tested conditions, more stable spouting was obtained with larger or denser particles. In an unstable small-particle ZrO2 system, spout deflection was progressively suppressed by adding large particles. A PSD peak power-diameter ratio-density stability phase diagram was constructed for the tested conditions. Three coupled stabilization mechanisms were further identified by the CFD\u2013DEM simulations. Momentum exchange and kinetic energy dissipation were increased through large-small collisions. Drag was distributed more uniformly in the spout. Local high-velocity channels and spout deflection were consequently suppressed, and centerline-symmetric particle circulation was established. These results provide laboratory-scale mechanistic evidence for stabilizing small, high-density particles under cold-model conditions. They also provide hydrodynamic insights relevant to nuclear fuel particle coating. Future studies will extend this investigation to fully three-dimensional, thermochemically representative systems and further evaluate its applicability to industrial FB-CVD reactors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c06869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T02:10:27Z","timestamp":1788401427000},"page":"54532-54549","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CFD\u2013DEM\nInvestigation of Spout Stabilization\nby Large-Particle Addition"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2955-4253","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rongzheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youlin","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2451-3452","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Malin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091510092155100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENG.2016.01.020","article-title":"The Shandong\nShidao Bay 200 MWe High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Pebble-Bed\nModule (HTR-PM) Demonstration Power Plant: An Engineering and Technological\nInnovation","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"2026091510092155100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-5493(02)00201-7","article-title":"Design and manufacture of the fuel\nelement for the 10 MW high temperature\ngas-cooled reactor","volume":"218","author":"Tang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucl. 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