{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:06:59Z","timestamp":1788876419595,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"35","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VEKOP-2.3.3-15-2016-00002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEKOP-2.3.3-15-2016-00002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012550","name":"Nemzeti Kutat?si, Fejleszt?si ls Innovaci?s Alap","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-2.1.1-NL-2022-00004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-2.1.1-NL-2022-00004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012550","name":"Nemzeti Kutat?si, Fejleszt?si ls Innovaci?s Alap","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K137852"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K137852"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012550","name":"Nemzeti Kutat?si, Fejleszt?si ls Innovaci?s Alap","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K149457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K149457"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012550","name":"Nemzeti Kutat?si, Fejleszt?si ls Innovaci?s Alap","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TKP2021-EGA-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-EGA-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012550","name":"Nemzeti Kutat?si, Fejleszt?si ls Innovaci?s Alap","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TKP2021-NVA-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-NVA-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012550","name":"Nemzeti Kutat?si, Fejleszt?si ls Innovaci?s Alap","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VEKOP-2.3.3-15-2016-00002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEKOP-2.3.3-15-2016-00002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) with optically read qubits hold great potential for detecting electric and magnetic fields, temperature, and other nanoscale physicochemical quantities relevant to chemistry and biology. Proper surface functionalization is essential for their application as probes, but surface modifications can impact qubit sensor properties. In this work, we systematically study nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in FNDs as a function of size and surface termination. FNDs were produced from high-pressure, high-temperature diamonds, with NV centers introduced via electron irradiation and annealing. The initial oxygen-covered FNDs were homogenized with hydroxyl (\u2212OH) groups as reference samples, while the noninvasive Hofmann degradation introduced amino (\u2212NH2) groups for potential direct biomolecule attachment. Although amino groups may not homogeneously cover these nanodiamonds, we simply label them as \u2212NH2 terminated FNDs in this context. We monitored charge state stability and the zero-field splitting parameters of the embedded NV centers. This study yields two principal advances. First, we resolve the size dependence of the NV(\u2212) zero-field splitting parameters across the 10\u2013140 nm range and show that the symmetry-breaking E parameter decreases monotonically from \u223c8 to \u223c5 MHz with increasing size while the axial D parameter is shifted only in the smallest (\u226430 nm) particles, thereby disentangling the static-strain and fluctuating electric-field contributions to the spin levels. Second, while NV charge state stabilization was observed in both \u2212OH- and \u2212NH2-terminated FNDs above a certain size, we demonstrate that a remarkably high and laser-power-independent NV(\u2212) content (fNV(\u2212) \u2248 0.8) is achieved by wet-chemical Hofmann amino termination only in 140 nm particles, an effect we link through electron spin resonance to the degradation of surface paramagnetic defects rather than to the introduction of new ones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c06903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T22:12:09Z","timestamp":1788127929000},"page":"53440-53451","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Materials and Spin\nCharacteristics of Nanodiamonds\nPartially Covered with Amino Groups and Embedded with Nitrogen-Vacancy\nColor Centers"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nikoletta","family":"Jegenyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics , P.O. Box 49 , ,","place":["Budapest, Hungary, H-1525"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0967-1364","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Verkhovlyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics , P.O. Box 49 , ,","place":["Budapest, Hungary, H-1525"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szabolcs","family":"Czene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics , P.O. Box 49 , ,","place":["Budapest, Hungary, H-1525"]},{"name":"O\u0301buda University , , Be\u0301csi u\u0301t 96\/b , ,","place":["Budapest, Hungary, H-1034"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attila","family":"Csa\u0301ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics , P.O. Box 49 , ,","place":["Budapest, Hungary, H-1525"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sa\u0301ndor","family":"Kollarics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics , P.O. Box 49 , ,","place":["Budapest, Hungary, H-1525"]},{"name":"SOLEIL Synchrotron , L\u2019Orme des Merisiers, RD128 , ,","place":["Saint Aubin, France, 91190"]},{"name":"Budapest University of Technology and Economics , , Mu\u030begyetem rakpart 3. , ,","place":["Budapest, Hungary, H-1111"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Krafcsik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Budapest University of Technology and Economics , , Mu\u0308egyetem rakpart 3. , ,","place":["Budapest, Hungary, H-1111"]},{"name":"HUN-REN Centre for Energy Research , , P.O. Box 49 , ,","place":["Budapest, Hungary, H-1525"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Cziga\u0301ny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN-REN Centre for Energy Research , , P.O. Box 49 , ,","place":["Budapest, Hungary, H-1525"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6046-8164","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Beke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics , P.O. Box 49 , ,","place":["Budapest, Hungary, H-1525"]},{"name":"O\u0301buda University , , Tavaszmezo\u030b u. 17. , ,","place":["Budapest, Hungary, H-1084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3339-5470","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adam","family":"Gali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics , P.O. Box 49 , ,","place":["Budapest, Hungary, H-1525"]},{"name":"Budapest University of Technology and Economics , , Mu\u0308egyetem rakpart 3. , ,","place":["Budapest, Hungary, H-1111"]},{"name":"MTA\u2212WFK Lendu\u0308let \u201cMomentum\u201d Semiconductor Nanostructures Research Group , P.O. Box 49 , ,","place":["Budapest, Hungary, H-1525"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12373","article-title":"Nanometre-scale\nthermometry in a living cell","volume":"500","author":"Kucsko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809095591100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14701","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14701","article-title":"Optical imaging of localized chemical\nevents using programmable diamond quantum nanosensors","volume":"8","author":"Rendler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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Res."},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2013.02.001","article-title":"The nitrogen-vacancy colour centre\nin diamond","volume":"528","author":"Doherty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015004","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.92.015004","article-title":"Sensitivity\noptimization for NV-diamond\nmagnetometry","volume":"92","author":"Barry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. 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Interfaces"},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5931","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b01796","article-title":"Protecting a Diamond\nQuantum Memory by Charge State Control","volume":"17","author":"Pfender","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano\nLett."},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0130-0","article-title":"Spatial mapping of band bending in\nsemiconductor devices using in situ quantum sensors","volume":"1","author":"Broadway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Electronics"},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10474","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c01298","article-title":"The Role\nof Electrolytes in the Relaxation of Near-Surface Spin Defects in\nDiamond","volume":"17","author":"Freire-Moschovitis","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4772","DOI":"10.1021\/nl501927y","article-title":"Proper Surface\nTermination for Luminescent\nNear-Surface NV Centers in Diamond","volume":"14","author":"Kaviani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031052","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.9.031052","article-title":"Origins of Diamond Surface\nNoise Probed by Correlating Single-Spin\nMeasurements with Surface Spectroscopy","volume":"9","author":"Sangtawesin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys.\nRev. X"},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7206","DOI":"10.1039\/D4TC00581C","article-title":"Enhanced quantum\nproperties of shallow diamond atomic\ndefects through nitrogen surface termination","volume":"12","author":"Malkinson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. 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Sci."},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3594","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.8b11274","article-title":"Nitrogen-Terminated\nDiamond Surface for Nanoscale NMR by Shallow\nNitrogen-Vacancy Centers","volume":"123","author":"Kawai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2010.12.010","article-title":"Plasma\namination of ultrananocrystalline diamond\/amorphous\ncarbon composite films for the attachment of biomolecules","volume":"20","author":"Koch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diamond Relat. Mater."},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1039\/C7QM00241F","article-title":"Defined functionality\nand increased luminescence of nanodiamonds for sensing and diagnostic\napplications by targeted high temperature reactions and electron beam\nirradiation","volume":"1","author":"Laube","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Front."},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/0471264180.or003.07","volume-title":"Organic Reactions","author":"Wallis","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34514","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA01587E","article-title":"Tailoring of Ammonia\nReduced Graphene Oxide into Amine Functionalized Graphene Quantum\nDots through a Hofmann Rearrangement","volume":"6","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13131953","article-title":"Amino-Termination of\nSilicon Carbide Nanoparticles","volume":"13","author":"Czene","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385704","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ab283d","article-title":"The Effect of Particle\nSize on Nanodiamond Fluorescence and Colloidal Properties in Biological\nMedia","volume":"30","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/41\/8\/002","article-title":"Electron spin resonance in the study\nof diamond","volume":"41","author":"Loubser","year":"1978","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809095591100_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"030802","DOI":"10.1116\/1.5089898","article-title":"Review Article: Synthesis, properties,\nand applications\nof fluorescent diamond particles","volume":"37","author":"Shenderova","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci.\nTechnol. B"},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155302","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/48\/15\/155302","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Tracking of Fluorescent\nNanodiamond Fabrication","volume":"48","author":"Shames","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"072203","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/27\/7\/072203","article-title":"Size Dependence\nof 13C Nuclear Spin-Lattice Relaxation\nin Micro- and Nanodiamonds","volume":"27","author":"Panich","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Condens.\nMatter"},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2024.119062","article-title":"Surface optimization\nof nanodiamonds using non-thermal plasma","volume":"224","author":"Gulka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246402","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.121.246402","article-title":"Imaging the Local Charge Environment\nof Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond","volume":"121","author":"Mittiga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys.\nRev. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809095591100_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9797","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64771-7","article-title":"A coherence-protection\nscheme for\nquantum sensors based on ultra-shallow single nitrogen-vacancy centers\nin diamond","volume":"16","author":"Pershin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. 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Reson."},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit36","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Analytical\nChemistry","author":"Coates","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2018.08.005","article-title":"FTIR spectroscopy of\nnanodiamonds: Methods and interpretation","volume":"89","author":"Petit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diamond\nRelat. Mater."},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2020.100054","article-title":"Molecular-Scale\nNanodiamond with High-Density Color\nCenters Fabricated from Graphite by Laser Shocking","volume":"1","author":"Motlag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-9207-z","article-title":"Multi-instrument\ncharacterization of five nanodiamond samples: a thorough example of\nnanomaterial characterization","volume":"408","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal\nChem"},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279356","DOI":"10.3389\/frcrb.2023.1279356","article-title":"Comparative X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy\nanalysis of nitrogen atoms implanted in graphite and diamond","volume":"2","author":"Auciello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Carbon"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090809095591100_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2316032121","article-title":"Diamond surface functionalization via visible light\u2013driven\nC\u2013H activation for nanoscale quantum sensing","volume":"121","author":"Rodgers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2018.03.015","article-title":"X-ray Photoemission\nSpectroscopy applied to nanodiamonds: From surface chemistry to in\nsitu reactivity","volume":"84","author":"Arnault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diamond Relat. Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090809095591100_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1364\/JOT.85.000122","article-title":"Identifying quasi-free\nand bound nitrate ions on the surfaces of diamond nanoparticles by\nIR and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy","volume":"85","author":"Osipov","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\nOpt. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090809095591100_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-019-3111-y","article-title":"Photoluminescence from NV\u2013\nCentres in 5 nm Detonation Nanodiamonds: Identification and High Sensitivity\nto Magnetic Field","volume":"14","author":"Osipov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4824","DOI":"10.1021\/nn100748k","article-title":"Size-Dependent Reactivity\nof Diamond\nNanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11102740","article-title":"Interaction of Nanodiamonds\nwith Water: Impact of Surface Chemistry on Hydrophilicity, Aggregation\nand Electrical Properties","volume":"11","author":"Apra\u0301","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36884","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c02407","article-title":"Functionalized Fluorescent Nanodiamonds\nwith Millisecond Spin Relaxation Times","volume":"19","author":"Barzegaramiriolya","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS\nNano"},{"key":"2026090809095591100_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys318","article-title":"Room-temperature coherent coupling of single spins\nin diamond","volume":"2","author":"Gaebel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. 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