{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:13:05Z","timestamp":1788221585943,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"33","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rapid and reliable detection of explosive residues is critical for security applications (e.g., counterterrorism) and environmental health contexts (e.g., legacy military site contamination). Key target analytes among nitro-organic explosives encompass 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexogen (RDX), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) as well as 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT, a common military-grade TNT impurity) and 2-amino-4,6-dinitroluene (2A-DNT, a microbial degradation product of TNT). Ion mobility spectrometry is one of the key technologies for fast and reliable detection of explosives. When coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), it enables high sensitivity and precise analyte identification. In this study, a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) coupled to a triple quadrupole MS was utilized to compare two relatively orthogonal ionization techniques\u2500atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) and electrospray ionization (ESI)\u2500for explosive trace detection in calibration standards and soil extracts, applied via liquid injection or via thermal desorption from filters. Both ionization techniques showed good linearity and enabled sensitive detection of the tested explosives. While APPI showed increased sensitivity toward dinitrotoluenes (DNT, 2A-DNT), ESI performed significantly better for TNT, RDX, and PETN but failed to detect DNT via thermal desorption. Both ionization techniques were further applied to the analysis of explosives in soil extracts, providing meaningful insights into their applicability for field sample analysis and revealing distinct effects of matrix components on ion source behavior and detection performance. The study underscores the practical relevance of the approach while offering a balanced evaluation of the methodological strengths and limitations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c06952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T11:02:10Z","timestamp":1786705330000},"page":"50471-50482","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of ESI\nand APPI for the Detection of Nitro\nExplosives Using Differential Mobility Mass Spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Lu\u0308nsmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Protection of Terrestrial Infrastructures, German Aerospace Center , Rathausallee 12 , ,","place":["Sankt Augustin, Germany, 53757"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4931-1283","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rene\u0301","family":"Breuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Protection of Terrestrial Infrastructures, German Aerospace Center , Rathausallee 12 , ,","place":["Sankt Augustin, Germany, 53757"]},{"name":"Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, University of Applied Sciences , , von-Liebig-Str. 20 , ,","place":["Rheinbach, Germany, 53359"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia A. M.","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, University of Applied Sciences , , von-Liebig-Str. 20 , ,","place":["Rheinbach, Germany, 53359"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kostyantin","family":"Konstantynovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Protection of Terrestrial Infrastructures, German Aerospace Center , Rathausallee 12 , ,","place":["Sankt Augustin, Germany, 53757"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2026083119142791000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.20308","article-title":"Ion Spectrometric Detection\nTechnologies for Ultra-traces of Explosives: A Review","volume":"30","author":"Ma\u0308kinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom. Rev."},{"key":"2026083119142791000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2022.100298","article-title":"Interpol Review of the Analysis and\nDetection of Explosives and Explosives Residues","volume":"6","author":"Klapec","year":"2023","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Synergy"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026083119142791000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3370","DOI":"10.1039\/D5AY00183H","article-title":"Investigation\nand Analysis\nof Explosive Traces in Public Locations with No Military Context:\nA Critical Review","volume":"17","author":"Crapper","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"2026083119142791000_cit4","volume-title":"Explosives","author":"Meyer"},{"key":"2026083119142791000_cit5","unstructured":"C\u030c\u0307nas, N.; Nemeikait\u0307-C\u030c\u0307nien\u0307, A.; Marozien\u0307, A.; S\u030carlauskas, J.; Vilutien\u0307, V.; Baublys, J.\n          Explosives\nas Toxic Environmental Pollutants: The Level of Contamination, Toxicity\nand Its Mechanisms. EUExcert (Certifying Expertise\nin European Explosives Sector), 2001, pp 1\u20138."},{"key":"2026083119142791000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374533-0.00002-7","article-title":"Chapter 2 - Explosives:\nThe Threats and the Materials","volume-title":"Aspects\nof Explosives Detection","author":"Marshall"},{"key":"2026083119142791000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/617236","article-title":"Distribution\nand Fate of Military Explosives and Propellants in Soil: A Review","volume":"2012","author":"Pichtel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Soil Sci."},{"key":"2026083119142791000_cit8","unstructured":"US EPA.\n          . Technical\nFact Sheet \u2013 Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine\n(RDX); EPA 505-F-17\u2013008; 2017."},{"key":"2026083119142791000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2601741","article-title":"Chemical Detection\nof Explosives in Soil for Locating Buried Landmine","volume-title":"Counterterrorism, Crime Fighting, Forensics, and Surveillance\nTechnologies V","author":"Prabhu"},{"key":"2026083119142791000_cit10","unstructured":"US EPA.\n          . Technical\nFact Sheet-Dinitrotoluene\n(DNT); EPA 505-F-12\u2013001; 2012."},{"key":"2026083119142791000_cit11","unstructured":"Harper, C.; Roney, N.; Fay, M.; Chou, C.-H.; Carlson-Lynch, H.; Klotzbach, J. M.; Salinas, K.; Johnson, H. D.; Citra, M. 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Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"2026083119142791000_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2019.178350","article-title":"Investigation\nof the Decomposition Kinetics and Thermal Hazards of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene\non Simulation Approach","volume":"684","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026083119142791000_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.339398","article-title":"Complementary\nESI and APPI High Resolution\nMass Spectrometry Unravel the Molecular Complexity of a Soil Humeome","volume":"1194","author":"Vinci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026083119142791000_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1021\/ac035442i","article-title":"Atmospheric\nPressure Photoionization. 1. General Properties for LC\/MS","volume":"76","author":"Hanold","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. 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