{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:45:02Z","timestamp":1791924302311,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Horizontal Project of Heilongjiang Provincial Institute of Energy and Environment","award":["JMSUHXXMZR2025091501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JMSUHXXMZR2025091501"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Clean Utilization of Energy","award":["ZJUCEU2025012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZJUCEU2025012"]}]},{"name":"National Fund Cultivation Project of 2022","award":["JMSUGPZR2022-021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JMSUGPZR2022-021"]}]},{"name":"Joint Cultivation Project of Heilongjiang Province","award":["PL2025E027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PL2025E027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Corn stover pellets were torrefied under a simulated flue gas atmosphere (220 \u00b0C\u2013300 \u00b0C, 15\u201325 min) to evaluate physicochemical and combustion modifications. Analyses revealed that increasing torrefaction severity significantly reduced the volatile matter, hydrogen, and oxygen contents, while enriching the fixed carbon and ash fractions. Consequently, the higher heating value increased by up to 33.41%, peaking at an energy density of 1.33, albeit at the expense of a sharp decline in mass yield. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that increasing torrefaction severity elevated the ignition temperatures while reducing burnout temperatures. Mild torrefaction (220\u2013240 \u00b0C, 15\u201320 min) maintained optimal combustion stability; conversely, severe conditions (&amp;gt;260 \u00b0C, &amp;gt;20 min) significantly deteriorated the combustion kinetics, as evidenced by a marked reduction in both the maximum combustion rate and the comprehensive combustion characteristic index.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c06981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:02:07Z","timestamp":1790730127000},"page":"61502-61516","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Flue Gas Torrefaction of Corn Stover-Densified Fuel:\nImpacts on Physicochemical Properties and Combustion Performance"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ping","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiamusi University , , No. 258, Xuefu Street, Xiangyang District , , ,","place":["Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China, 154007"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University , , No. 38, Zheda Road, Xihu District , , ,","place":["Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiamusi University , , No. 258, Xuefu Street, Xiangyang District , , ,","place":["Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China, 154007"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiamusi University , , No. 258, Xuefu Street, Xiangyang District , , ,","place":["Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China, 154007"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kangrun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiamusi University , , No. 258, Xuefu Street, Xiangyang District , , ,","place":["Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China, 154007"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0333-4543","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qiang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiamusi University , , No. 258, Xuefu Street, Xiangyang District , , ,","place":["Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China, 154007"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University , , No. 38, Zheda Road, Xihu District , , ,","place":["Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3046-4493","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dongwei","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiamusi University , , No. 258, Xuefu Street, Xiangyang District , , ,","place":["Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China, 154007"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University , , No. 38, Zheda Road, Xihu District , , ,","place":["Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0321-1798","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiyi","family":"Luan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiamusi University , , No. 258, Xuefu Street, Xiangyang District , , ,","place":["Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China, 154007"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University , , No. 38, Zheda Road, Xihu District , , ,","place":["Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiamusi University , , No. 258, Xuefu Street, Xiangyang District , , ,","place":["Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China, 154007"]},{"name":"Zhejiang University , , No. 38, Zheda Road, Xihu District , , ,","place":["Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiamusi University , , No. 258, Xuefu Street, Xiangyang District , , ,","place":["Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China, 154007"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Forestry University , , No. 159, Longpan Road, Xuanwu District , , ,","place":["Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China, 210037"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2022.101040","article-title":"Advances in biomass\ntorrefaction: Parameters, models, reactors, applications, deployment,\nand market","volume":"93","author":"Thengane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026101315085702900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13789","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c00047","article-title":"Study on the\neffect of torrefaction on pyrolysis kinetics and thermal behavior\nof cornstalk based on a combined approach of chemical and structural\nanalyses","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.128153","article-title":"Low-temperature\nbiochar production from torrefaction for wastewater treatment: A review","volume":"365","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.130519","article-title":"Machine learning models\nfor predicting biochar properties from lignocellulosic\nbiomass torrefaction","volume":"399","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2022.09.023","article-title":"Oxidative\ntorrefaction of densified\nwoody biomass: Performance, combustion kinetics and thermodynamics","volume":"199","author":"Riaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.153044","article-title":"Upgrading the quality\nof biomass by advanced oxidative torrefaction pretreatment: Rebuilding\nthe oxidative torrefaction mechanism based on hemicellulose, cellulose,\nand lignin","volume":"494","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2026.138951","article-title":"Regulation\nmechanisms of torrefaction atmospheres on\nstructural evolution, pyrolysis behavior, and product distribution\nof corn straw","volume":"420","author":"Hu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2026.131348","article-title":"Investigation on the effects of catalytic\ntemperature and addition proportion of steel slag on the pyrolysis\ncharacteristics of corn stalk","volume":"300","author":"Deng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Appl. Therm.\nEng."},{"issue":"31","key":"2026101315085702900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20112","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c00857","article-title":"Effect and optimization\nof process conditions during solvolysis and torrefaction of pine sawdust\nusing the desirability function and genetic algorithm","volume":"6","author":"Ikegwu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.127759","article-title":"Prediction\nof pyrolysis\nkinetics for torrefied biomass based on raw biomass properties and\ntorrefaction severity","volume":"278","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101315085702900_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010424","article-title":"Advanced fitting method\nfor the kinetic analysis of thermogravimetric data","volume":"28","author":"Bondarchuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.115890","article-title":"Pyrolytic characteristics of hemicellulose,\ncellulose and lignin under CO2 atm","volume":"256","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101315085702900_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4732","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28124732","article-title":"Effects of\ntorrefaction pretreatment\non the structural features and combustion characteristics of biomass-based\nfuel","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2023.103193","article-title":"Catalytic\nand char-promoting effects of potassium on lignocellulosic biomass\ntorrefaction and pyrolysis","volume":"31","author":"Richa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Technol.\nInnovation"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101315085702900_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14091662","article-title":"An experimental\nstudy on the hot alkali extraction of xylan-based hemicelluloses from\nwheat straw and corn stalks and optimization methods","volume":"14","author":"Puit\u0327el","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s41742-025-00864-x","article-title":"Biological\npretreatment of rice straw\nusing Pleurotus ostreatus: Effects on degradation\nkinetics and physicochemical characteristics","volume":"19","author":"Sukma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res."},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.128529","article-title":"Co-torrefaction of corncob\nand waste cooking oil coupled with fast\nco-pyrolysis for bio-oil production","volume":"370","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioresour.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.122490","article-title":"Influence\nof torrefaction pretreatment on corncobs: A study on fundamental characteristics,\nthermal behavior, and kinetic","volume":"297","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.12.044","article-title":"Effect of pretreatment on chemical\ncharacteristic and thermal degradation\nbehavior of corn stalk digestate: Comparison of dry and wet torrefaction","volume":"275","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2022.179301","article-title":"Influence\nof flue gas torrefaction on the fuel properties and pyrolysis characteristics\nof real components of corn stalk","volume":"715","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thermochim.\nActa"},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsep.2024.103137","article-title":"Optimization of torrefaction\nparameters for coconut shell using Taguchi method: Impact on torrefaction\nperformances, combustion characteristics, and thermal stability","volume":"57","author":"Manatura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog."},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.11.144","article-title":"Torrefaction\nintegrated with steam gasification of agricultural biomass wastes\nfor enhancing tar reduction and hydrogen-rich syngas production","volume":"94","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026101315085702900_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11840","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.4c01096","article-title":"Effect of\nbiomass torrefaction on\nthe syngas quality produced by chemical looping gasification at 20\nkWth scale","volume":"38","author":"Portillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101315085702900_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.17221\/444\/2022-PSE","article-title":"Pyrolysis temperature\nhad effects on the physicochemical properties\nof biochar","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant, Soil Environ."},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2023.106932","article-title":"Non-isothermal kinetics\nof cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin degradation during cocoa bean\nshell pyrolysis","volume":"177","author":"Rojas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101315085702900_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29122728","article-title":"Investigation\nof combustion and NO\/SO2\nemission characteristics during the co-combustion process of torrefied\nbiomass and lignite","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.126265","article-title":"Torrefaction of biomass and its effect\non the yield\nand quality of pyrolysis products: A critical review","volume":"344","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.130759","article-title":"Torrefaction of wood and garden wastes\nfrom municipal solid waste to enhanced solid fuel using helical screw\nrotation-induced fluidised bed reactor: Effect of particle size, helical\nscrew speed and temperature","volume":"293","author":"Abdulyekeen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2022.115202","article-title":"Uncovering structure-reactivity relationships in pyrolysis\nof biomass with varying severity of torrefaction","volume":"254","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manage."},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.153798","article-title":"Interaction\nmechanisms among cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in nitrogen-rich\npyrolysis under K and Ca presence: Intermediate evolution and product\nformation","volume":"496","author":"Bi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026101315085702900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cep.2026.110918","article-title":"Energy-mass co-benefit torrefaction performances of\ncorn stalk biomass as affected by temperature and time","volume":"227","author":"Han","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Process.\u2500Process Intensification"}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c06981","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/40\/61502\/68705723\/acsomega.6c06981.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/40\/61502\/68705723\/acsomega.6c06981.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:49:55Z","timestamp":1791920995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/40\/61502\/5442019\/Flue-Gas-Torrefaction-of-Corn-Stover-Densified"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c06981","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]}}}