{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:10:12Z","timestamp":1790698212704,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"38","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Draw solution chemistry is a design parameter in forward osmosis (FO), governing hydraulic performance, organic rejection, fouling dynamics, and process economics, yet these dimensions are rarely evaluated together, particularly under wastewater feed conditions. This study addresses that gap through an integrated experimental, modeling, and techno-economic framework using three draw solutions (NaCl, MgSO4, and sodium acetate), each prepared at an initial osmotic pressure of 30 bar, and two feed solutions (deionized water (DI) and real municipal wastewater (WW)). Water flux (Jw), reverse salt flux (Js), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) flux (JCOD) were monitored over 4 hours. Water fluxes ranged from 1.8 to 4.0 L m\u20132 h\u20131, and substituting DI with WW reduced Jw by 8.1\u201346.2% depending on draw solution chemistry. A dynamic MATLAB finite-difference model coupling concentration polarization with membrane transport accurately reproduced experimental Jw and Js profiles, with Root Relative Mean Square Error below 1.9% and 6%, respectively. A phenomenological COD sub-model partitioned organic matter dynamics into three pathways and introduced a dimensionless ratio PCOD\/Kfoul as a selectivity screening metric. Techno-economic analysis identified NaCl as the most economically viable draw solution, achieving a levelized cost of water of USD 1.04 m\u20133. Monte Carlo analysis confirmed this advantage was statistically robust with complete non-overlap of NaCl \u2019s 95% confidence interval and those of MgSO4 and sodium acetate. MgSO4 demonstrated superior COD rejection, lower initial fouling accumulation, and more stable flux decay kinetics within the initial-to-intermediate fouling regime examined, making it preferable where selectivity and effluent quality are prioritized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c07030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:02:35Z","timestamp":1789470155000},"page":"57800-57819","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Comparative Study\nof Forward Osmosis Systems: An\nIntegrated Experimental, Modeling, and Techno-Economic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Aicha","family":"Gasmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gabes , , ,","place":["Gabes, Tunisia, 6029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrine","family":"Chamam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gabes , , ,","place":["Gabes, Tunisia, 6029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7256-9480","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Soumaya","family":"Ibrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gabes , , ,","place":["Gabes, Tunisia, 6029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mile\u0300ne","family":"Chroudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gabes , , ,","place":["Gabes, Tunisia, 6029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Heran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Europe\u0301en des Membranes\u2500IEM, UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM , ,","place":["Montpellier, France, 34095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Hannachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gabes , , ,","place":["Gabes, Tunisia, 6029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2023.116705","article-title":"Recent progress in reverse osmosis\nmodeling: An overview","volume":"564","author":"Zubair","year":"2023","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2023.116580","article-title":"Theory for\nsalt transport in charged reverse osmosis membranes: Novel analytical\nequations for desalination performance and experimental validation","volume":"557","author":"Biesheuvel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.105473","article-title":"A comprehensive review\nof standalone\nand hybrid forward osmosis for water treatment: Membranes and recovery\nstrategies of draw solutions","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem.\nEng."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2013.03.046","article-title":"Draw solutions\nfor forward osmosis\nprocesses: Developments, challenges, and prospects for the future","volume":"442","author":"Ge","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w11102043","article-title":"Recent\nProgresses\nof Forward Osmosis Membranes Formulation and Design for Wastewater\nTreatment","volume":"11","author":"Goh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w11040695","article-title":"A Review of Fouling\nMechanisms, Control Strategies and Real-Time Fouling Monitoring Techniques\nin Forward Osmosis","volume":"11","author":"Ibrar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2011.12.023","article-title":"Recent developments in forward osmosis:\nOpportunities and challenges","volume":"396","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2012.08.033","article-title":"Modeling reverse draw\nsolute flux in forward osmosis with external\nconcentration polarization in both sides of the draw and feed solution","volume":"427","author":"Suh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8040404","article-title":"Forward\nOsmosis: A Critical Review","volume":"8","author":"Mohammadifakhr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes8030047","article-title":"Forward Osmosis Application\nin Manufacturing Industries: A Short\nReview","volume":"8","author":"Haupt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Membranes"},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes10110332","article-title":"Strategies in Forward\nOsmosis Membrane Substrate Fabrication and Modification: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Suzaimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Membranes"},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43938-021-00006-7","article-title":"Reverse\nosmosis and forward osmosis\nfouling: a comparison","volume":"1","author":"Field","year":"2021","journal-title":"Discovery Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.05.080","article-title":"Recent advancements\nin forward osmosis desalination:\nA review","volume":"281","author":"Akther","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2010.08.010","article-title":"Selection\nof inorganic-based draw\nsolutions for forward osmosis applications","volume":"364","author":"Achilli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2021.120196","article-title":"Techno-economic\nassessment of a hybrid forward osmosis and membrane distillation system\nfor agricultural water recovery","volume":"283","author":"Zarebska-M\u00f8lgaard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sep. Purif.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816777-9.00013-7","article-title":"Cost Analysis\nof Forward Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis in a Case Study","volume-title":"Current Trends and Future Developments on (Bio-) Membranes","author":"Osipi","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.2166\/wrd.2021.016","article-title":"A techno-economic\nanalysis of membrane-based advanced treatment processes for the reuse\nof municipal wastewater","volume":"11","author":"Kehrein","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Water Reuse Desalin."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2022.08.560","article-title":"Techno-economic\nanalysis\nof forward osmosis system for domestic wastewater treatment","volume":"77","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7810","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.4c03784","article-title":"Forward Osmosis Desalination Using\nThermoresponsive\nIonic Liquids: Bench-Scale Demonstration and Cost Analysis","volume":"64","author":"Haddad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes15060162","article-title":"Overcoming the Limitations\nof Forward\nOsmosis and Membrane Distillation in Sustainable Hybrid Processes\nManaging the Water\u2013Energy Nexus","volume":"15","author":"Suleman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Membranes"},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.11.130","article-title":"Efficiency\nand economic feasibility of forward osmosis in textile wastewater\ntreatment","volume":"210","author":"Korenak","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit22","unstructured":"American Public Health Association.\n          .  Standard Methods for the Examination of\nWater and Wastewater, American Public Health\nAssociation, 2005."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2013.01.009","article-title":"Modeling\nof colloidal fouling in forward osmosis membrane: Effects of reverse\ndraw solution permeation","volume":"314","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.05.033","article-title":"Characteristics and\ninfluencing factors of organic fouling in forward osmosis operation\nfor wastewater applications: A comprehensive review","volume":"129","author":"Ly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21653","article-title":"A pilot-scale\nforward osmosis membrane system for concentrating low-strength municipal\nwastewater: performance and implications","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci.\nRep."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.06.016","article-title":"Processing\nmunicipal wastewaters by forward osmosis using CTA membrane","volume":"468","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6502","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA08838A","article-title":"Comparison of performance\nand biofouling resistance of thin-film composite forward osmosis membranes\nwith substrate\/active layer modified by graphene oxide","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2015.02.001","article-title":"Proper accounting of mass transfer\nresistances in forward osmosis: Improving the accuracy of model predictions\nof structural parameter","volume":"492","author":"Bui","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2006.07.049","article-title":"Influence\nof concentrative and dilutive internal concentration\npolarization on flux behavior in forward osmosis","volume":"284","author":"McCutcheon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134461","article-title":"Modeling and simulation\nof fertilizer drawn forward osmosis process using Aspen Plus-MATLAB\nmodel","volume":"700","author":"Gulied","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2009.11.021","article-title":"Organic fouling\nof forward osmosis membranes: Fouling\nreversibility and cleaning without chemical reagents","volume":"348","author":"Mi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.02.023","article-title":"Comparison\nof the removal of hydrophobic trace organic contaminants by forward\nosmosis and reverse osmosis","volume":"46","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w12051505","article-title":"Organic Fouling\nin Forward Osmosis: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"12","author":"Yadav","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w12010031","article-title":"Dynamical Modeling of Water Flux in Forward Osmosis\nwith Multistage Operation and Sensitivity Analysis of Model Parameters","volume":"12","author":"Ryu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes9090106","article-title":"Modelling\nForward Osmosis Treatment\nof Automobile Wastewaters","volume":"9","author":"Haupt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Membranes"},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2014.02.035","article-title":"Organic fouling\nin forward osmosis membranes: The role of feed solution chemistry\nand membrane structural properties","volume":"460","author":"Motsa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Membr.\nSci."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit37","volume-title":"Desalination Project\nCost Estimating and Management","author":"Voutchkov","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit38","volume-title":"Desalination Engineering.\nPlanning and Design","author":"Voutchkov","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2020.114865","article-title":"Cost of fouling\nin full-scale reverse osmosis and nanofiltration\ninstallations in the Netherlands","volume":"500","author":"Jafari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.11.020","article-title":"Chemical cleaning of\npotable water membranes: The cost benefit of\noptimisation","volume":"44","author":"Porcelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit41","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.\n          .  Membrane Filtration Guidance Manual; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, 2005."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2010.08.008","article-title":"Comparison\nof cleaning of toothpaste from surfaces\nand pilot scale pipework","volume":"88","author":"Cole","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.01.133","article-title":"Effect of\nflow velocity, substrate concentration and hydraulic cleaning on biofouling\nof reverse osmosis feed channels","volume":"188","author":"Radu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng.\nJ."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.06.095","article-title":"A removal\nkinetics approach for evaluation\nof economic cleaning protocols for pink guava puree fouling deposit","volume":"135","author":"Khalid","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cleaner Prod."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2017.08.1554","article-title":"Optimal control of a membrane filtration\nsystem","volume":"50","author":"Kalboussi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.02.072","article-title":"Operating\ncost reduction of UF membrane filtration process for drinking water\ntreatment attributed to chemical cleaning optimization","volume":"206","author":"Yoo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3672","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.2c03723","article-title":"Effect of\nDifferent Draw Solutions on Concentration Polarization in a Forward\nOsmosis Process: Theoretical Modeling and Experimental Validation","volume":"62","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2011.06.021","article-title":"Relating solution physicochemical\nproperties to internal concentration\npolarization in forward osmosis","volume":"379","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2022.28408","article-title":"MgCl2 and MgSO4\nas draw agents in forward osmosis process\nfor East Baghdad oilfield produced water treatment","volume":"256","author":"Salih","year":"2022","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2015.06.012","article-title":"Organic fouling\nand reverse solute selectivity in forward osmosis: Role of working\ntemperature and inorganic draw solutions","volume":"389","author":"Heo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2020.101439","article-title":"New insights into\nthe interaction between surface-charged membranes and positively-charged\ndraw solutes in the forward osmosis process","volume":"37","author":"Chi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2023.01.007","article-title":"Optimisation of multi-component\ninorganic\nsalt composition as draw solute for preparation of concentrated tea\nextract using forward osmosis process","volume":"138","author":"Bardhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food\nBioprod. Process."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2017.03.030","article-title":"Finding\nbetter draw solutes for osmotic heat engines: Understanding transport\nof ions during pressure retarded osmosis","volume":"421","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2019.117184","article-title":"New insights into\nthe relationship between draw solution\nchemistry and trace organic rejection by forward osmosis","volume":"587","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2004.08.030","article-title":"A new model for calculating specific\nresistance of aggregated colloidal\ncake layers in membrane filtration processes","volume":"249","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2024.117893","article-title":"Review of modeling\nmethodologies and state-of-the-art for osmotically assisted reverse\nosmosis membrane systems","volume":"587","author":"Chong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-026-09382-8","article-title":"Correlating the\nPerformance of Forward Osmosis Process to the Characteristics of Inorganic\nDraw Solutions","volume":"237","author":"Khan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Water, Air, Soil Pollut."},{"key":"2026092911105455400_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21653","article-title":"A pilot-scale\nforward osmosis membrane system for concentrating low-strength municipal\nwastewater: performance and implications","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci.\nRep."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c07030","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/38\/57800\/68508144\/acsomega.6c07030.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/38\/57800\/68508144\/acsomega.6c07030.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:49:46Z","timestamp":1790696986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/38\/57800\/5429817\/A-Comparative-Study-of-Forward-Osmosis-Systems-An"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"38","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c07030","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}}}