{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:55:02Z","timestamp":1791302102306,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004071","name":"Khon Kaen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016204","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016204","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Mia antigen on red blood cells (RBCs) of the MNS blood group system is clinically significant in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with a risk of alloimmunization and hemolytic transfusion reactions. Conventional serological typing for Mia requires large reagent and sample volumes and subjective interpretation, highlighting the need for alternative analytical approaches. In this study, a novel simple electrochemical impedance spectroscopy-based immunoassay was developed for Mia antigen detection using a \u201cmix-and-drop\u201d strategy involving packed RBCs and specific anti-Mia antibodies on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). The analytical signal was defined as the change in charge transfer resistance (\u0394Rct) measured on an SPCE in the presence of a ferri\/ferrocyanide redox probe. Key assay parameters, including the RBC:antibody volume ratio, antibody dilution, and incubation time, were systematically optimized to maximize \u0394Rctnet in the agglutinating and non-agglutinating samples. Under optimized conditions, Mia -positive agglutination samples produced a distinct and reproducible increase in impedance, attributed to the formation of hemagglutination, which impeded electron transfer at the electrode interface. The assay was evaluated using 232 clinical blood samples (122 Mia-positive and 110 Mia-negative), containing internal (70%) and external (30%) validation sets. The \u0394Rct values for Mia-positive and Mia-negative samples demonstrated significant discrimination between groups (Mann-Whitney U test, p &amp;lt; 0.0001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed excellent diagnostic performance (p &amp;lt; 0.0001, AUC = 1.0), with an optimal \u0394Rct cutoff of 71.10 k\u03a9, yielding 100% sensitivity and specificity within the internal and external validation sets. This label-free electrochemical assay requires low volumes of reagent and sample and is a rapid and practical approach for screening for the Mia antigen without electrode surface modification, supporting its potential use in pre-transfusion blood testing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c07090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T15:01:43Z","timestamp":1789916503000},"page":"60031-60038","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rapid Electrochemical\nImpedance Detection of the Mia Antigen on Red Blood Cells"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5842-5154","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ohnmar","family":"Zaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Khon Kaen University , , , ,","place":["Nai Mueang, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 40002"]},{"name":"Khon Kaen University , , , ,","place":["Nai Mueang, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 40002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nang Noon Shean","family":"Aye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khon Kaen University , , , ,","place":["Nai Mueang, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 40002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thitiya","family":"Sitthipong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khon Kaen University , , , ,","place":["Nai Mueang, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 40002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kritchaya","family":"Mueanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khon Kaen University , , , ,","place":["Nai Mueang, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 40002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunnika","family":"Kuaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khon Kaen University , , , ,","place":["Nai Mueang, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 40002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paweena","family":"Tunakhun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khon Kaen University , , , ,","place":["Nai Mueang, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 40002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5088-811X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jureerut","family":"Daduang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khon Kaen University , , , ,","place":["Nai Mueang, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 40002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5937-0917","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pornsuda","family":"Maraming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khon Kaen University , , , ,","place":["Nai Mueang, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 40002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610491476300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-86179-5","article-title":"Multiplex-PCR Technique to Predict\nPolymorphic Antigens \u2013 M, N, S and s \u2013 and Associations\nbetween Their Alleles and Mia-Associated Hybrid Glycophorins","volume":"15","author":"Kerdthip","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100610491476300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.2450\/BloodTransfus.567","article-title":"Characterization\nof GYP(B-A-B) Hybrid Glycophorins among Thai Blood Donors with Mia-Positive Phenotypes","volume":"22","author":"Nathalang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610491476300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2022.103378","article-title":"Study on the\nAntigens and Antibodies of Mur and Mia Blood Groups in\nSouthern China","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610491476300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2016.1.446","article-title":"Understanding Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization Triggers","volume":"2016","author":"Hendrickson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026100610491476300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-4999","article-title":"Analysis of\nAnti-M Antibody Status and Blood Transfusion\nStrategy in Hunan, China","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100610491476300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1994.34394196622.x","article-title":"A Survey of the Incidence of Miltenberger Antibodies\namong Hong Kong Chinese Blood Donors","volume":"34","author":"Mak","year":"1994","journal-title":"Transfusion\n(Paris)."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100610491476300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11050806","article-title":"Universal Detection\nof Mia Antigen and Frequencies of Glycophorin Hybrids among\nBlood Donors in Taiwan by Human Monoclonal Antibodies against Mia (MNS7), Mur (MNS10), and MUT (MNS35) Antigens","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100610491476300_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/iji.12420","article-title":"Phenotype Frequencies of Rh (C, c,\nE, e), M, Mia and Kidd Blood Group Systems among Ethnic\nThai Blood Donors from the North-east of Thailand","volume":"46","author":"Romphruk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunogenet."},{"key":"2026100610491476300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55374\/jseamed.v6i0.107","article-title":"Frequencies of Predicted Mia Antigen Among\nSouthern Thai Blood Donors","volume":"6","author":"Khosidworachet","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Southeast Asian\nMed."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610491476300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.12982\/JAMS.2026.016","article-title":"A Review on the Prevalence\nof Unexpected Alloantibodies\nin Thai Patients across Thailand","volume":"59","author":"Lao-on","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Assoc.\nMed. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610491476300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors13040146","article-title":"Engineered\nIntelligent Electrochemical Biosensors for Portable Point-of-Care\nDiagnostics","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chemosensors"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026100610491476300_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10326","DOI":"10.1039\/D6NR00562D","article-title":"Film, Function,\nFlexibility: Label-Free Nanobody Sensors via Electropolymerized\nNanointerfaces","volume":"18","author":"Carroll","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100610491476300_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051095","article-title":"Quantitative Measurement and Evaluation\nof Red Blood Cell Aggregation in Normal Blood Based on a Modified\nHanai Equation","volume":"19","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026100610491476300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14410","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA01921D","article-title":"Development of a Point-of-Care-Testing\nPlatform: Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Rapid\nABO\/Rh Blood Typing","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026100610491476300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2024.126959","article-title":"Rapid Parallel Blood Typing on Centrifugal\nMicrofluidic\nPlatform by Microcolumn Gel Immunoassay","volume":"282","author":"Wan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100610491476300_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11913","DOI":"10.3390\/s130911913","article-title":"ABO Blood-Typing Using an Antibody\nArray Technique Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging","volume":"13","author":"Houngkamhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100610491476300_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5817","DOI":"10.1021\/la063659c","article-title":"Steric Crowding\nEffects on Target Detection in an Affinity\nBiosensor","volume":"23","author":"Bonanno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026100610491476300_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/eai.11-7-2019.2298070","article-title":"Electrochemical\nLabel-Free Immunosensor for The Detection of Epithelial Sodium Channels\nUsing Gold Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference\non Islam, Science and Technology, ICONISTECH 2019","author":"Hartati","year":"2020"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100610491476300_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-020-02417-x","article-title":"Probing Antibody Surface\nDensity and Analyte Antigen Incubation Time as Dominant Parameters\nInfluencing the Antibody-Antigen Recognition Events of a Non-Faradaic\nand Diffusion-Restricted Electrochemical Immunosensor","volume":"412","author":"Zorea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100610491476300_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.4103\/mjhs.mjhs_30_24","article-title":"Blood Cross-Matching\nUsing Gel Card Technique Compared to Conventional Tube Technique:\nA Diagnostic Evaluation Study","volume":"13","author":"Pandey","year":"2025","journal-title":"MRIMS J. Health\nSci."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026100610491476300_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6578","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196578","article-title":"Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy\n(EIS): Principles, Construction, and Biosensing Applications","volume":"21","author":"Magar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"28","key":"2026100610491476300_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16278","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA00907H","article-title":"Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on an Antibody-Hierarchical Mesoporous\nSiO2 for the Detection of Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100610491476300_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-025-07252-4","article-title":"A Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor\non Gold-Printed Electrode for the Electrochemical Detection of C-Reactive\nProtein from Blood Samples","volume":"192","author":"Zambry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microchimica Acta"},{"key":"2026100610491476300_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2020.113928","article-title":"Anti-Human Albumin Monoclonal Antibody Immobilized\non EDC-NHS Functionalized Carboxylic Graphene\/AuNPs Composite as Promising\nElectrochemical HSA Immunosensor","volume":"860","author":"Stankovic\u0301","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electroanal.\nChem."},{"key":"2026100610491476300_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2013.08.039","article-title":"Simultaneous Detection\nof Four Biomarkers with One Sensing Surface Based on Redox Probe Tagging\nStrategy","volume":"800","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c07090","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/60031\/68567100\/acsomega.6c07090.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/60031\/68567100\/acsomega.6c07090.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:09:43Z","timestamp":1791299383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/39\/60031\/5433462\/Rapid-Electrochemical-Impedance-Detection-of-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c07090","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]}}}