{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:46:18Z","timestamp":1791924378859,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFC3506600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC3506600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004001","name":"Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CXPTXM2025010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXPTXM2025010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82130115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82130115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ginsenosides are the major bioactive constituents in Panax ginseng (PG), exhibiting diverse pharmacological effects, including anticancer, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities. On-site mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of ginsenosides plays a crucial role in PG quality control. However, owing to matrix effects, structural complexity, low volatility, poor proton affinity, and the presence of multiple glycosidic moieties, rapid analysis of ginsenosides using portable MS under ambient conditions remains challenging. Here, we developed a sodium acetate (NaOAc)-enhanced nanoelectrospray ionization (nESI) method enabling rapid, on-site ginsenoside profiling using miniature mass spectrometry (mMS). NaOAc-mediated cationization promotes efficient formation of [M + Na]+ ions, enhancing ion signal intensity. Ginsenosides were detected using full-scan MS and MS\/MS, including Rb1, Rg1, Re, Rd, Rf, notoginsenoside R1, etc. For quantitative analysis of the three pharmacopoeial markers (Rb1, Rg1, and Re), a same-spectrum and same-screening (4S) strategy using structurally similar saponins as an internal standard was established. The method exhibited good linearity (5\u2013100 \u03bcg\u00b7mL\u20131, R2 &amp;gt; 0.99), acceptable precision (RSD &amp;lt; 13%), and recoveries. The limits of detection (LOD) for Rb1, Rg1, and Re were 0.10\u20130.20 \u03bcg\u00b7mL\u20131, respectively. Application of the method to PG samples of different cultivation ages revealed that the Rb1\/Re ratio strongly correlated with cultivation age. This work demonstrated a practical strategy to enhance ionization efficiency and quantitative robustness in mMS and provided a feasible approach for on-site chemical assessment of herb medicines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c07119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:01:20Z","timestamp":1790841680000},"page":"61574-61582","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rapid On-Site Detection\nof Ginsenosides in\n                    <i>Panax ginseng<\/i>\n                    Using\nPortable Miniature Mass Spectrometry\nby Sodium Acetate-Enhanced Nanoelectrospray Ionization and a Same-Spectrum\nSame-Screening Quantification Strategy"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2990-3118","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Longchan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201203"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201203"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haizhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201203"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201203"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxiang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Medical University , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550004"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linnan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201203"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2797-4625","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhengtao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201203"]},{"name":"Guizhou Medical University , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550004"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201203"]},{"name":"Guizhou Medical University , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550004"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5767","key":"2026101315082654500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1119426","article-title":"Detection Technologies.\nAmbient mass spectrometry","volume":"311","author":"Cooks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026101315082654500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-060908-155229","article-title":"Miniature mass spectrometers","volume":"2","author":"Ouyang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026101315082654500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2025.118594","article-title":"Miniature\nmass spectrometry in drug and food analysis: Bridging laboratory\nand field applications","volume":"195","author":"Xie","year":"2026","journal-title":"TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101315082654500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.1021\/ac403765x","article-title":"Autonomous in situ analysis\nand real-time chemical detection using\na backpack miniature mass spectrometer: concept, instrumentation development,\nand performance","volume":"86","author":"Hendricks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"30","key":"2026101315082654500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4400","DOI":"10.1039\/C7AY01091E","article-title":"Paper\nspray ionization mass spectrometry applied to forensic chemistry -\ndrugs of abuse, inks and questioned documents","volume":"9","author":"Domingos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101315082654500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21867","article-title":"Miniature\nmass spectrometers and their potential for\nclinical point-of-care analysis","volume":"43","author":"Zhai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom.\nRev."},{"key":"2026101315082654500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2024.116490","article-title":"Rapid identification\nand on-site analysis by miniature mass spectrometry of chemical markers\nfor fragrant rosewood authentication","volume":"252","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharm.\nBiomed. Anal."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026101315082654500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.9780","article-title":"On-site analysis and\nrapid identification of citrus herbs by miniature mass spectrometry\nand machine learning","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"44","key":"2026101315082654500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17471","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c04224","article-title":"Portable Miniature Mass Spectrometry\nfor Enhanced On-Site Detection\nof Analytes in Complex Samples by Integrating Solid-Phase Microextraction\nand Nano-Electrospray Ionization","volume":"96","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101315082654500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.0c00444","article-title":"Direct Analysis Using\nMiniature Mass Spectrometers:\nA Fast On-Site Analytical Tool for Toxicology","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026101315082654500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2016.03.007","article-title":"On-site analysis of acetylcholinesterase\nand butyrylcholinesterase activity with the ChE check mobile test\nkit-Determination of reference values and their relevance for diagnosis\nof exposure to organophosphorus compounds","volume":"249","author":"Worek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol.\nLett."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101315082654500_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21867","article-title":"Miniature\nmass spectrometers and\ntheir potential for clinical point-of-care analysis","volume":"43","author":"Zhai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom. Rev."},{"key":"2026101315082654500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2016.04.009","article-title":"Ambient ionization and miniature mass spectrometry\nsystem for chemical and biological analysis","volume":"85","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101315082654500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b03070","article-title":"Miniature and Fieldable\nMass Spectrometers: Recent Advances","volume":"88","author":"Snyder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"32","key":"2026101315082654500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202502721","article-title":"Fully\nAutomated Deep Learning Enabled Miniature Mass Spectrometry System\nfor Psychoactive Therapeutic Drug Monitoring","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026101315082654500_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9111","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c01223","article-title":"Miniaturization\nof Mass Spectrometry Systems: An Overview of Recent Advancements and\na Perspective on Future Directions","volume":"97","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"40","key":"2026101315082654500_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22350","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c04683","article-title":"Dual-Trap\n\u2033Brick\u2033 Miniature Mass Spectrometer with Enhanced Sensitivity\nand Fragmentation Capabilities","volume":"97","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101315082654500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2024.2349795","article-title":"Influence of the Capillary\nDesign and Conditions upon the Transmission\nEfficiency of a Portable Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer","volume":"58","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026101315082654500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2026.2618971","article-title":"A Novel Transmission\nStructure to Resolve the Conflict Between Oversized Vacuum Systems\nand Efficient Ion Transport in Mass Spectrometry","volume":"59","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"2026101315082654500_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2026.124923","article-title":"Portable mass spectrometry\nsystems for point-of-care testing: technologies, applications, and\nclinical implementation","volume":"1271","author":"Pond","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B:Anal.\nTechnol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101315082654500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2017.10.004","article-title":"Pharmacological\nand medical applications of Panax ginseng and ginsenosides: a review\nfor use in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ginseng\nRes."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101315082654500_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.02.004","article-title":"Pharmacological\npotential of ginseng and its major\ncomponent ginsenosides","volume":"45","author":"Ratan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"2026101315082654500_cit23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ginsenosides: Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Analysis,\nand Potential Health\nEffects","volume-title":"Advances in Food and Nutrition\nResearch","author":"Christensen","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026101315082654500_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.01.003","article-title":"Rare ginsenosides:\nA unique perspective\nof ginseng research","volume":"66","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101315082654500_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.08.004","article-title":"Role of\nginsenosides,\nthe main active components of Panax ginseng, in inflammatory responses\nand diseases","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101315082654500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2024.12.005","article-title":"A narrative\nreview of Panax notoginseng: Unique saponins\nand their pharmacological activities","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ginseng\nRes."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026101315082654500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.12.017","article-title":"Ginsenosides in Panax\ngenus and their biosynthesis","volume":"11","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin.\nB"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101315082654500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.12972\/kjhst.20180068","article-title":"Abiotic\nFactors Influencing Growth\nand Ginsenoside Content of Panax ginseng Roots","volume":"36","author":"Eo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hortic. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101315082654500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156834","article-title":"Transcriptomic strategy\nprovides molecular insights into the growth and ginsenosides accumulation\nof Panax ginseng","volume":"143","author":"Zhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101315082654500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO03434H","article-title":"A systematic\nreview of ginsenoside biosynthesis, spatiotemporal distribution, and\nresponse to biotic and abiotic factors in American ginseng","volume":"15","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"2026101315082654500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462342","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1462342","article-title":"Effects of soil properties and microbial\ncommunity composition on ginsenosides accumulation in farmland ginseng","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026101315082654500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2024.118637","article-title":"Effects\nof soil microbial ecology on ginsenoside accumulation\nin Panax ginseng across different cultivation years","volume":"215","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101315082654500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24010014","article-title":"The Effects of Environmental\nFactors on Ginsenoside Biosynthetic\nEnzyme Gene Expression and Saponin Abundance","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026101315082654500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rhisph.2025.101065","article-title":"Effects of\nrhizosphere soil microecology\non the content of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng","volume":"34","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rhizosphere"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101315082654500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.10008","article-title":"Practical implications\nof some recent studies in electrospray\nionization fundamentals","volume":"20","author":"Cech","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101315082654500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2024.01.004","article-title":"Mass spectrometry-based\nginsenoside profiling: Recent\napplications, limitations, and perspectives","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026101315082654500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1021\/ac020361s","article-title":"Strategies\nfor the assessment of\nmatrix effect in quantitative bioanalytical methods based on HPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"75","author":"Matuszewski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101315082654500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2004.11.007","article-title":"Matrix\neffects: the Achilles heel of quantitative high-performance liquid\nchromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"38","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101315082654500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1039\/D3GC03773H","article-title":"Enhancing sensitivity\nin miniature mass spectrometry analysis via dicationic ionic liquid-based\nmatrix-assisted ionization and charge inversion reactions","volume":"26","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101315082654500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2021.1969887","article-title":"Innovation\nin Strategies for Sensitivity Improvement of Chromatography and Mass\nSpectrometry Based Analytical Techniques","volume":"53","author":"Sonawane","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit.\nRev. Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101315082654500_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1021\/jasms.2c00297","article-title":"Predicting Preferences for Adduct\nFormation in Electrospray\nIonization: The Case Study of Succinic Acid","volume":"34","author":"Stepanovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101315082654500_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.264","article-title":"Metal ion adducts\nin the structural analysis of ginsenosides by electrospray ionization\nwith multi-stage mass spectrometry","volume":"15","author":"Cui","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rapid Commun.\nMass Spectrom."},{"key":"2026101315082654500_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2026.466737","article-title":"A green and efficient boronate affinity\nsolid-phase extraction strategy for ginsenosides enrichment based\non dendritic mesoporous silica","volume":"1770","author":"Zhao","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr.\nA"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"2026101315082654500_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117126","article-title":"An innovative processing driven efficient\ntransformation of rare\nginsenosides enhances anti-platelet aggregation potency of notoginseng\nby integrated analyses of processing-(chemical) profiling-pharmacodynamics","volume":"319","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"2026101315082654500_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2020.113722","article-title":"Localization of constituents for\ndetermining the age and parts of ginseng through ultraperfomance liquid\nchromatography quadrupole\/time of flight-mass spectrometry combined\nwith desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging","volume":"193","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c07119","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/40\/61574\/68722398\/acsomega.6c07119.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/40\/61574\/68722398\/acsomega.6c07119.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:03:43Z","timestamp":1791921823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/40\/61574\/5443145\/Rapid-On-Site-Detection-of-Ginsenosides-in-Panax"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c07119","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}}}