{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T15:52:52Z","timestamp":1789487572602,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minstry of Education, Taiwan"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Porphyrin-based nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) are one of the most promising photoactive components in organic solar cells (OSCs) due to their excellent light-harvesting properties, featuring a high absorption coefficient of the Soret band in the ultraviolet\u2013visible (UV\u2013vis) region and an adjustable Q-band in the near-infrared (NIR) region, respectively. Moreover, the Acceptor\u2212Donor\u2212Acceptor (A\u2013D\u2013A) architecture is the most successful design strategy for constructing efficient NFAs. Herein, two porphyrin-based NFAs, named S-NPN-EH and T-NPN-OD, having naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene diimide (NTI) as the terminal acceptor units and porphyrin as a central core, are constructed with and without an acetylene linkage to elucidate the impact of linkage chemistry. For comparison, a 2-(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene) malononitrile (2FIC) end-capped porphyrin derivative, denoted as POR6\u22124FIC, with acetylene-bridged alkylthiophene as the \u03c0-spacers, is reported. The impact of the terminal NTI acceptor and acetylene linkage on structural, optoelectronic, and photovoltaic properties of S-NPN-EH and T-NPN-OD is systematically studied. The film-state UV\u2013vis absorption of T-NPN-OD shows a more red-shifted spectrum with intensified Soret-\/Q-bands in the NIR region over 1000 nm because acetylene bridges enhance intermolecular stacking and coplanarity compared to S-NPN-EH. In addition, T-NPN-OD exhibits a down-shifted lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level compared with S-NPN-EH, indicating that the S-NPN-EH-based device improves Voc values. As expected, the reference POR6\u22124FIC shows strong red-shifted absorption over 1000 nm in the NIR region and down-shifted LUMO energy levels because of the strong intermolecular interactions between the donor and acceptors. The optimized device based on PTB7-Th\/S-NPN-EH blend delivers a higher PCE of 2.19%, whereas the optimized PBDB-T:T-NPN-OD-based device shows a lower PCE of 1.01%. The reference PTB7-Th\/POR6\u22124FIC-based device delivers a poor PCE of 0.32%. These results indicate that fine-balanced blend film morphology, well-matched energy levels, and solubility are critical for enhancing device performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c07199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T04:50:44Z","timestamp":1788411044000},"page":"54612-54621","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["2-(5,6-Difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1\n                    <i>H<\/i>\n                    -inden-1-ylidene)-malononitrile\nand Naphtho[2,3-\n                    <i>b<\/i>\n                    ]thiophene Diimide End-Capped Porphyrin\nDerivatives as Panchromatic\nLight-Harvesting Absorbers and Non-Fullerene Acceptors in Organic\nSolar Cells"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0997-3007","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manohar Reddy","family":"Busireddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , , 1001 University Road , ,","place":["Hsinchu, Taiwan, 300093"]},{"name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , , 1001 University Road , ,","place":["Hsinchu, Taiwan, 300093"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Chieh","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , , 1001 University Road , ,","place":["Hsinchu, Taiwan, 300093"]},{"name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , , 1001 University Road , ,","place":["Hsinchu, Taiwan, 300093"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung-Cheng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , , 1001 University Road , ,","place":["Hsinchu, Taiwan, 300093"]},{"name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , , 1001 University Road , ,","place":["Hsinchu, Taiwan, 300093"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chain-Shu","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , , 1001 University Road , ,","place":["Hsinchu, Taiwan, 300093"]},{"name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , , 1001 University Road , ,","place":["Hsinchu, Taiwan, 300093"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5284-6161","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chia-Chih","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , , 1001 University Road , ,","place":["Hsinchu, Taiwan, 300093"]},{"name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University , , 1001 University Road , ,","place":["Hsinchu, Taiwan, 300093"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091510084310000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14180","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00955","article-title":"Renewed Prospects\nfor Organic Photovoltaics","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. 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Mater."},{"key":"2026091510084310000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2018.06.006","article-title":"Heat-Insulating Multifunctional\nSemitransparent Polymer Solar Cells","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"2026091510084310000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-018-0104-9","article-title":"Next-Generation Organic Photovoltaics\nBased on Non-Fullerene Acceptors","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"2026091510084310000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1903649","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201903649","article-title":"A General\nApproach for Lab-To-Manufacturing\nTranslation on Flexible Organic Solar Cells","volume":"31","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. 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Lett."},{"key":"2026091510084310000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12516","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TC02499F","article-title":"Integrated Linker-Regulation\nand Ring-Fusion Engineering towards Efficient Additive-Free Non-Fullerene\nOrganic Solar Cells","volume":"8","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"2026091510084310000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.0c00677","article-title":"Giant Rylene Imide-Based Electron\nAcceptors for Organic Photovoltaics","volume":"54","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acc. Chem.\nRes."},{"key":"2026091510084310000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1007\/s11426-021-1171-4","article-title":"Perylene-Diimide\nDerived Organic Photovoltaic Materials","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci.\nChina Chem."},{"key":"2026091510084310000_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00535","article-title":"Nonfullerene Acceptor\nMolecules for Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026091510084310000_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2018.02.003","article-title":"Naphthalenediimide\n(NDI) Polymers for All-Polymer Photovoltaics","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. 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Mater."},{"key":"2026091510084310000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17898","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA03062D","article-title":"Naphthalene\nDiimide-Based Random Terpolymer Acceptors for Constructing All-Polymer\nSolar Cells with Enhanced Fill Factors","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC\nAdv."},{"key":"2026091510084310000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5047","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.9b00639","article-title":"Improving\nthe Photovoltaic Performance and Mechanical Stability of Flexible\nAll-Polymer Solar Cells via Tailoring Intermolecular Interactions","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. 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Energy Mater."},{"key":"2026091510084310000_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1039\/c8se00427g","article-title":"Phenylene-Bridged Perylenediimide-Porphyrin Acceptors for Non-Fullerene\nOrganic Solar Cells","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustainable Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026091510084310000_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2020.105899","article-title":"A Strategy of Designing Near-Infrared Porphyrin-Based\nNon-Fullerene Acceptors for Panchromatic Organic Solar Cells","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"2026091510084310000_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32454","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b10955","article-title":"Effect of Side Groups\non The Photovoltaic Performance Based on Porphyrin\u2212Perylene\nBisimide Electron Acceptors","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. 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