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Cost-effective PLA 4032D pellets were used in this work to fabricate additive-free membranes via an evaporation-assisted non-solvent-induced phase separation (E-NIPS), employing N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone\/dichloromethane (NMP\/DCM) blends as a tuning parameter. E-NIPS implementation decoupled solvent evaporation from liquid\u2013liquid demixing, facilitating a robust, high-crystallinity asymmetric structure. Optimized solvent ratio improved performance stability, yielding higher pure-water flux and enhanced rejection of ibuprofen and magnesium sulfate, chosen as representative pharmaceutical and salt contaminants. At an optimal 10:1 NMP\/DCM ratio, membranes achieved a tensile strength of 9.65 \u00b1 1.09 MPa and thermal stability onset near 345 \u00b0C. Differential scanning calorimetry confirmed that delayed demixing in NMP-rich formulations provided a kinetic window for ordered lamellae formation, significantly increasing crystallinity relative to DCM-rich amorphous structures. Additionally, 30 week soil burial tests revealed a controlled biodegradation profile regulated by the high-crystallinity matrix. These findings establish a sustainable framework for engineering high-performance, biodegradable membranes for pharmaceutical and salt removal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c07439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T09:02:19Z","timestamp":1789635739000},"page":"57945-57961","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of\n                    <i>N<\/i>\n                    -Methyl-2-pyrrolidone\/Dichloromethane\nSolvent Ratio towards the Retention of Magnesium Sulfate and Ibuprofen\nby Polylactic Acid Membranes"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xin Hui","family":"Chai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Tunku Abdul Rahman , , Bandar Sungai Long , , ,","place":["Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia, 43000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6868-4977","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Law Yong","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Tunku Abdul Rahman , , Bandar Sungai Long , , ,","place":["Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia, 43000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching Yin","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSI University (Kuala Lumpur Campus) , , Cheras , ,","place":["Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 56000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia Huey","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Tunku Abdul Rahman , , Bandar Sungai Long , , ,","place":["Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia, 43000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi Hua","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Tunku Abdul Rahman , , Bandar Sungai Long , , ,","place":["Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia, 43000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , , , ,","place":["Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, 43600"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur Hanis Hayati","family":"Hairom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia , , , ,","place":["Muar, Johor, Malaysia, 84600"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia Kar Mun","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Tunku Abdul Rahman , , Bandar Sungai Long , , ,","place":["Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia, 43000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1577-4773","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Josephine Ying Chyi","family":"Liew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Putra Malaysia , , UPM Serdang , ,","place":["Selangor, Malaysia, 43400"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"14","key":"2026092911094090700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16142024","article-title":"Enhancing Sustainability in PLA Membrane\nPreparation through the Use of Biobased Solvents","volume":"16","author":"Gomez d\u2019Ayala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"issue":"28","key":"2026092911094090700_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24695","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c01699","article-title":"Going beyond Cellulose\nand Chitosan: Synthetic Biodegradable Membranes for Drinking Water,\nWastewater, and Oil\u2013Water Remediation","volume":"8","author":"Sen Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092911094090700_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11120970","article-title":"Biodegradable Polymeric\nMembranes for Organic Solvent\/Water Pervaporation Applications","volume":"11","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Membranes"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092911094090700_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-022-00206-w","article-title":"Sustainable\nand Green Polylactic\nAcid-Based Membrane Embedded with Self-Assembled Positively Charged\nf-MWCNTs\/GO Nanohybrids for the Removal of Nutrients from Wastewater","volume":"5","author":"Nassar","year":"2022","journal-title":"npj Clean Water"},{"key":"2026092911094090700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64980","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c12672","article-title":"Permeability\u2013Strength\nTrade-off in Nanoporous\nPolyethylene Membranes Derived from Etchable Triblock Polymer Precursors","volume":"17","author":"Hoehn","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. 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