{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:47:03Z","timestamp":1792784823818,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002666","name":"Aalto-Yliopisto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002666","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["860462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["860462"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Finnish Government","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04863f219","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Long-term corrosion and elemental release are critical factors controlling the clinical reliability of titanium-based implants, particularly under inflammatory conditions. In this study, commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti), Ti\u20136Al\u20134V, and Ti\u2013Nb\u2013Zr\u2013Si (TNZS) alloy were immersed for 372 days under static, non-refreshed conditions in media initially prepared to represent normal, inflammatory, and severe inflammatory environments. After exposure, the specimens were removed, rinsed, and evaluated by open-circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in freshly prepared solutions of the corresponding nominal compositions. The original immersion solutions were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry to determine released elements. TNZS maintained the most noble electrochemical behavior, lowest corrosion current density, and highest passive-layer resistance in all media. Elemental release increased with solution aggressiveness, following the order normal &amp;lt; inflammatory &amp;lt; severe inflammatory. Ti\u20136Al\u20134V released Al and V, whereas TNZS released lower total ion concentrations and avoided potentially harmful alloying elements. Under the tested static, non-refreshed conditions, TNZS showed lower apparent corrosion current density, higher fitted passive-layer resistance, and lower filtered dissolved elemental release than CP-Ti and Ti\u20136Al\u20134V.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c07507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:02:45Z","timestamp":1790265765000},"page":"60084-60095","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Corrosion Behavior of Ti\u2013Nb\u2013Zr\u2013Si\nAlloy after One-Year Exposure to Simulated Inflammatory Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6356-3140","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aydin","family":"Bordbar-Khiabani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. , Tekniikantie 21 , ,","place":["Espoo, Finland, 02044"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5782-7987","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Gasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalto University , , ,","place":["Espoo, Finland, 02150"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2026.103127","article-title":"Titanium dental\nimplants: Principles, challenges, and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven\ninnovations","volume":"48","author":"Shahrebabaki","year":"2026","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214755","article-title":"Advances in \u03b2-titanium\nalloys for safer and greener biomedical\nimplants","volume":"183","author":"Solano-Orrala","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomater Adv."},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38110","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA05869K","article-title":"Electrochemical corrosion behavior of \u03b1-titanium\nalloys in\nsimulated biological environments (comparative study)","volume":"14","author":"Hrir","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12030407","article-title":"Corrosion\nof metallic biomaterials: A review","volume":"12","author":"Eliaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.05.078","article-title":"Immune responses\nto implants\u2013a review of the implications for the design of\nimmunomodulatory biomaterials","volume":"32","author":"Franz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.10.002","article-title":"Corrosion of titanium\nunder simulated inflammation\nconditions: clinical context and in vitro investigations","volume":"136","author":"Prestat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/s44174-025-00300-w","article-title":"An in-depth review of corrosion pathways in titanium\ndental and orthopedic\nimplants and their biological interactions","volume":"4","author":"Hrir","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. Devices"},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.01.032","article-title":"Commercially\npure titanium (cp-Ti) versus titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) materials as\nbone anchored implants\u2500is one truly better than the other?","volume":"62","author":"Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng., C"},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit9","unstructured":"Bordbar-Khiabani, A.\n          \n          Evaluation\nof in vitro degradation and associated risks of novel biomaterials\nfor implants; Doctoral Thesis, Aalto University: Espoo, Finland, 2024."},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.07.113","article-title":"Electrochemical behavior\nof additively manufactured patterned titanium\nalloys under simulated normal, inflammatory, and severe inflammatory\nconditions","volume":"26","author":"Bordbar-Khiabani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.07.046","article-title":"A synergistic\neffect of albumin and\nH2O2 accelerates corrosion of Ti6Al4V","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2013.818682","article-title":"Vanadium release in whole blood, serum and\nurine of patients implanted\nwith a titanium alloy hip prosthesis","volume":"51","author":"Catalani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin.\nToxicol."},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.10.020","article-title":"Accumulation of aluminium in lamellar\nbone after implantation of titanium plates, Ti\u20136Al\u20134V\nscrews, hydroxyapatite granules","volume":"25","author":"Zaffe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.03.023","article-title":"Development of Ti\u2013Nb\u2013Zr\nalloys with high elastic admissible strain for temporary orthopedic\ndevices","volume":"20","author":"Ozan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610474467200_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29553-5","article-title":"Electrochemical and\nbiological characterization of Ti\u2013Nb\u2013Zr\u2013Si\nalloy for orthopedic applications","volume":"13","author":"Bordbar-Khiabani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1615\/JLongTermEffMedImplants.v21.i2.10","article-title":"Short-term\nand long-term effects\nof orthopedic biodegradable implants","volume":"21","author":"Amini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Long\nTerm Eff Med. Implants"},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.5051\/jpis.2402080104","article-title":"Structure,\nbiology, and function\nof peri-implant soft tissues in health and disease: a comprehensive\nreview of the literature","volume":"55","author":"Ri\u0301os-Osorio","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Implant\nSci."},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(93)90172-X","article-title":"Bone growth\nto metal implants is\nregulated by their surface chemical properties","volume":"14","author":"Hazan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2004.08.018","article-title":"Metal ion\nrelease from metal implants","volume":"24","author":"Hanawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng.,\nC"},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2025.03.025","article-title":"Metal release in total\nknee arthroplasty: a review of mechanisms,\nadverse local tissue reactions, and biological effects","volume":"41","author":"Kurtz","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100610474467200_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06186-8","article-title":"The impact of biocorrosion\nand titanium ions release on peri-implantitis","volume":"29","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2009.06.035","article-title":"In situ impedance spectroscopy\nstudy of the electrochemical corrosion\nof Ti and Ti\u20136Al\u20134V in simulated body fluid at 25 \u00b0C\nand 37 \u00b0C","volume":"51","author":"Alves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2006.06.018","article-title":"Corrosion\nbehaviour of Ti\u20136Al\u20137Nb\nand Ti\u20136Al\u20134V ELI alloys in the simulated body fluid\nsolution by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy","volume":"52","author":"Tamilselvi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C435","DOI":"10.1149\/2.045210jes","article-title":"Long-term corrosion\nbehavior of biocompatible \u03b2-type Ti alloy\nin simulated body fluid","volume":"159","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610474467200_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21332-x","article-title":"Time-dependent enhanced corrosion of Ti6Al4V\nin the presence of H2O2 and albumin","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2024.144865","article-title":"Effect\nof electrical discharge machining (EDM) bath composition on long-term\ncorrosion of Ti-6Al-4V in simulated body fluid","volume":"503","author":"Ahuir-Torres","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.07.045","article-title":"Corrosion\nresistance characteristics of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy scaffold that is fabricated\nby electron beam melting and selective laser melting for implantation\nin vivo","volume":"70","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng., C"},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-017-0319-0","article-title":"Long-term durability\nof orthodontic mini-implants","volume":"106","author":"Abbassy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(89)90043-4","article-title":"Interaction between hydrogen peroxide\nand titanium:\na possible role in the biocompatibility of titanium","volume":"10","author":"Tengvall","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(89)90019-7","article-title":"Titanium-hydrogen\nperoxide interaction: model studies of the influence of the inflammatory\nresponse on titanium implants","volume":"10","author":"Tengvall","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2012.03.008","article-title":"Long-term\ncorrosion investigation\nof AISI 316L, Co\u201328Cr\u20136Mo, and Ti\u20136Al\u20134V\nalloys in simulated body solutions","volume":"258","author":"Karimi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Surf.\nSci."},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2023.04.070","article-title":"Effect of the Ti\/Ta ratio on the feasibility of porous\nTi25+x-Nb25-Zr25-Ta25-x (X = 0, 5, and 10) alloys for biomedical applications","volume":"24","author":"Al Hawajreh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3390\/met12030476","article-title":"Study of electrochemical and biological characteristics of As-cast\nTi-Nb-Zr-Ta system based on its microstructure","volume":"12","author":"Rossi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metals"},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2026.188437","article-title":"Corrosion and biological\nassessment of \u03b2-Ti compositionally complex alloys for biomedical\napplications","volume":"1067","author":"Pani","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2015.08.261","article-title":"Effect of inflammatory\nconditions and H2O2 on bare and coated Ti\u20136Al\u20134V\nsurfaces:\ncorrosion behavior, metal ion release and Ca-P formation under long-term\nimmersion in DMEM","volume":"357","author":"Ho\u0308hn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.04.007","article-title":"Ion release\nand surface oxide composition of AISI 316L,\nCo\u201328Cr\u20136Mo, and Ti\u20136Al\u20134V alloys immersed\nin human serum albumin solutions","volume":"40","author":"Karimi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Sci.\nEng., C"},{"key":"2026100610474467200_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b00147","article-title":"Metallurgical gallium additions to titanium alloys demonstrate a\nstrong time-increasing antibacterial activity without any cellular\ntoxicity","volume":"5","author":"Cochis","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c07507","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/60084\/68642024\/acsomega.6c07507.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/60084\/68642024\/acsomega.6c07507.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:30:57Z","timestamp":1791300657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/39\/60084\/5437864\/Corrosion-Behavior-of-Ti-Nb-Zr-Si-Alloy-after-One"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c07507","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]}}}