{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:56:41Z","timestamp":1790701001893,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"38","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100023043","name":"State of Florida","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100023043","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000183","name":"Army Research Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-22-1-0265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-22-1-0265"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000183","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000078","name":"Division of Materials Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMR-2128556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR-2128556"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000078","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The production of energy-efficient technologies and advanced electronics requires high-purity critical minerals, such as individually separated rare earth elements (REEs). Chemical REE separation processes rely on small differences in physicochemical properties (i.e., ionic charge and radii) to transport selective metal ions across liquid\u2013liquid interfaces, making selective separation time-consuming and expensive. Incorporating another intrinsic property, ionic magnetic moment, alongside ionic radius may improve interfacial transport. We report here a novel batch solvent extraction system, termed magnetically assisted solvent extraction (MA-SX), controlled by the orientation of low-gradient magnetic fields generated by permanent magnets. We observe that the concentration of paramagnetic REE ions and the extractant ligand, di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), significantly influence ion transfer kinetics across an aqueous\u2013organic interface under varying magnetic field gradient orientations. Comparisons among REEs with different magnetic moments show that MA-SX behavior correlates with ionic magnetic moments. Extraction of binary mixtures containing Dy(III) and Y(III) suggests paramagnetic and diamagnetic ions co-aggregate at low concentrations, reducing separation in the presence of low-gradient magnetic fields. At total metal concentrations above 50 mM, Dy(III) and Y(III) partition, with Y(III) preferentially extracting into the organic phase due to D2EHPA\u2019s slight affinity toward Y(III).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c07645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T04:01:46Z","timestamp":1789531306000},"page":"58045-58053","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Kinetic Control\nof Rare Earth Element Separation via\nInterfacial Solvent Extraction and Low-Gradient Magnetic Fields"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bailey","family":"Lake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FAMU-FSU College of Engineering , , , ,","place":["Tallahassee, Florida, United States, 32310"]},{"name":"National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , , ,","place":["Tallahassee, Florida, United States, 32310"]},{"name":"National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , , , ,","place":["Tallahassee, Florida, United States, 32310"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo","family":"Siegrist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , , ,","place":["Tallahassee, Florida, United States, 32310"]},{"name":"National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , , , ,","place":["Tallahassee, Florida, United States, 32310"]},{"name":"FAMU-FSU College of Engineering , , , ,","place":["Tallahassee, Florida, United States, 32310"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadi","family":"Mohammadigoushki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , , ,","place":["Tallahassee, Florida, United States, 32310"]},{"name":"National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , , , ,","place":["Tallahassee, Florida, United States, 32310"]},{"name":"FAMU-FSU College of Engineering , , , ,","place":["Tallahassee, Florida, United States, 32310"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munir","family":"Humayun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , , ,","place":["Tallahassee, Florida, United States, 32310"]},{"name":"National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , , , ,","place":["Tallahassee, Florida, United States, 32310"]},{"name":"Florida State University , , , ,","place":["Tallahassee, Florida, United States, 32306"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2997-1981","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jamel","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , , ,","place":["Tallahassee, Florida, United States, 32310"]},{"name":"National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , , , ,","place":["Tallahassee, Florida, United States, 32310"]},{"name":"FAMU-FSU College of Engineering , , , ,","place":["Tallahassee, Florida, United States, 32310"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092911083851600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2013.10.021","article-title":"A Critical Review on\nSolvent Extraction of Rare Earths from Aqueous Solutions","volume":"56","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Min. Eng."},{"key":"2026092911083851600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19781","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.5c02137","article-title":"Recent Advances in\nRare Earth Element\nRecovery: Liquid\u2013Liquid Extraction and Magnetophoretic Separation","volume":"64","author":"Lake","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092911083851600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1995.1186","article-title":"Flocculation of Paramagnetic Particles in a Magnetic\nField","volume":"171","author":"Tsouris","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026092911083851600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3837","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201504839","article-title":"Predicting the Self-Assembly\nof Superparamagnetic Colloids under Magnetic Fields","volume":"26","author":"Faraudo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092911083851600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0755286","article-title":"Low-Gradient Magnetophoresis\nthrough Field-Induced Reversible Aggregation","volume":"112","author":"De Las Cuevas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092911083851600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1039\/c0sm01424a","article-title":"Aggregation of Superparamagnetic\nColloids in Magnetic Fields: The Quest for the Equilibrium State","volume":"7","author":"Andreu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026092911083851600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6824","DOI":"10.1021\/ie048841s","article-title":"High-Gradient\nMagnetic Separation of Magnetic Nanoclusters","volume":"44","author":"Ditsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092911083851600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.10270","article-title":"High-Gradient Magnetic Separation\nof Coated Magnetic\nNanoparticles","volume":"50","author":"Moeser","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026092911083851600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.1021\/jp003562d","article-title":"Separation of Transition\nMetal Ions in an Inhomogeneous Magnetic Field","volume":"105","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092911083851600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3531","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0303523","article-title":"On the Movement\nof Paramagnetic Ions in an Inhomogeneous Magnetic Field","volume":"108","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. 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Mater."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092911083851600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201911606","article-title":"Magnetic Field Directed\nRare-Earth Separations","volume":"59","author":"Higgins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem.-Int. Ed."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092911083851600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648X\/aca37f","article-title":"Magnetic Forces in Paramagnetic Fluids","volume":"35","author":"Butcher","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092911083851600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/s42005-025-02393-7","article-title":"Increasing Rare Earth\nExtraction Kinetics by Tailored Magnetic Fields","volume":"8","author":"Ortmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Phys."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092911083851600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.1c00960","article-title":"Antagonistic\nRole of Aqueous Complexation in the Solvent\nExtraction and Separation of Rare Earth Ions","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"2026092911083851600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/REVCE.2001.17.2.87","article-title":"Interfacial Aspects\nof Metal Ion Extraction in Liquid-Liquid Systems","volume":"17","author":"Stevens","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026092911083851600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0755286","article-title":"Low-Gradient\nMagnetophoresis through Field-Induced Reversible Aggregation","volume":"112","author":"De Las Cuevas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. 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