{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:57:33Z","timestamp":1791302253974,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study investigates the incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) into rigid polyurethane foams (RPUF) derived from lignin polyol. CNC promoted cellular refinement consistent with a heterogeneous nucleation mechanism, reducing average cell size by up to 18% and improving cellular uniformity, particularly at 0.2% and 0.4% concentrations. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed hydrogen bonding between CNC hydroxyl groups and the polyurethane matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed a shift in the temperature at 10% mass loss from 272 \u00b0C (control) to 282\u2013285 \u00b0C (0.2\u20130.4% wt % CNC), while DSC showed an increase in glass transition temperature (Tg) obtained by DSC from 31.5 \u00b0C for the neat RPUF to 58.2 \u00b0C for RPUF_0.2%. SEM micrographs confirmed more homogeneous cell distribution at low CNC loadings, whereas higher concentrations (0.6\u20130.8%) led to agglomeration and irregular cells. Apparent density increased by \u223c7% at 0.4 wt % CNC, correlating with enhanced compressive strength (+12%) and storage modulus (+15%). The improvement in compressive performance was present after normalization by apparent density, indicating that the mechanical response was not exclusively density driven. Overall, CNC addition improved the structure and thermo-mechanical performance of lignin-based RPUF, being a sustainable route to high-performance foams for energy-efficient applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c07686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:02:38Z","timestamp":1790362958000},"page":"60136-60146","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cellulose Nanocrystals\nas Nucleating Agents in Lignin-Based\nRigid Polyurethane Foams"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kelvin Techera","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , , ,","place":["Porto Alegre, Brazil, 90040-060"]},{"name":"Federal University of Goia\u0301s , , ,","place":["Aparecida de Goia\u0302nia, Brazil, 74971-451"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael Duarte","family":"Gimnecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , , ,","place":["Porto Alegre, Brazil, 90040-060"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro Campos","family":"Amico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul , , ,","place":["Porto Alegre, Brazil, 90040-060"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael de Avila","family":"Delucis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Pelotas , , ,","place":["Pelotas, Brazil, 96010-610"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit1","unstructured":"Polyurethane Foam Market by Type (Rigid Foam, Flexible Foam, Spray\nFoam), End-Use Industry(Building e Construction, Bedding e Furniture,\nAutomotive, Electronics, Footwear, Packaging), and Region - Global\nForecast to 2028; MarketsandMarkets: 2023."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100610462881300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26082302","article-title":"Lignin as a Partial\nPolyol Replacement in Polyurethane Flexible Foam","volume":"26","author":"Gondaliya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100610462881300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15051074","article-title":"Bio-Based\nPolyurethane Foams from\nKraft Lignin with Improved Fire Resistance","volume":"15","author":"Vieira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02773813.2024.2303036","article-title":"Acid-Catalyzed Kraft Lignin Liquefaction for Producing\nPolyols and Polyurethane Foams","volume":"44","author":"Barbosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Wood Chem.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14214526","article-title":"Rigid Polyurethane\nBiofoams Filled with Chemically Compatible Fruit Peels","volume":"14","author":"Acosta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2019.106102","article-title":"Surface Response\nand Photodegradation Performance of Bio-Based Polyurethane-Forest\nDerivatives Foam Composites","volume":"80","author":"de Avila Delucis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100610462881300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1177\/0021955X20964018","article-title":"Rigid Bio-Based\nWood\/Polyurethane Foam Composites Expanded under Confinement","volume":"57","author":"Kerche","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Plast."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026100610462881300_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14245510","article-title":"Wood\nFlour Modified by Poly(Furfuryl\nAlcohol) as a Filler in Rigid Polyurethane Foams: Effect on Water\nUptake","volume":"14","author":"Acosta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2016.03.008","article-title":"Effect\nof the Blowing Agent on the Low-Temperature Mechanical Properties\nof CO2- and HFC-245fa-Blown Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polyurethane Foams","volume":"93","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100610462881300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1021\/sc5001226","article-title":"Lignin-Based\nRigid Polyurethane Foam\nReinforced with Pulp Fiber: Synthesis and Characterization","volume":"2","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610462881300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15040923","article-title":"Effect of\nDifferent Methods to Synthesize Polyol-Grafted-Cellulose Nanocrystals\nas Inter-Active Filler in Bio-Based Polyurethane Foams","volume":"15","author":"Fontana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"issue":"S3","key":"2026100610462881300_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1770","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.24784","article-title":"Thermal and Combustion Features of\nRigid Polyurethane Biofoams Filled with Four Forest-Based Wastes","volume":"39","author":"Delucis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2022.121753","article-title":"Synergistic Effect of Silica Aerogels\nand Hollow Glass Microspheres on Microstructure and Thermal Properties\nof Rigid Polyurethane Foam","volume":"592","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Non. Cryst. Solids"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100610462881300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.49970","article-title":"High-damping\nPolyurethane\/Hollow\nGlass Microspheres Sound Insulation Materials: Preparation and Characterization","volume":"138","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"issue":"31","key":"2026100610462881300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.52723","article-title":"Hollow Glass\nMicrospheres Modified Polyurethane Sponge with Enhanced Flame Retardancy","volume":"139","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100610462881300_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics12020077","article-title":"New Perspectives on Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide\nas Inorganic UV Filters: Advances, Safety, Challenges, and Environmental\nConsiderations","volume":"12","author":"Araki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cosmetics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100610462881300_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15061499","article-title":"Preventing the Collapse Behavior\nof Polyurethane Foams with the Addition of Cellulose Nanofiber","volume":"15","author":"Ju","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"issue":"44","key":"2026100610462881300_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11262","DOI":"10.1039\/c2sm25983d","article-title":"In Situ Evidence of the Nanoparticle Nucleating Effect\nin Polyurethane\u2013Nanoclay Foamed Systems","volume":"8","author":"Pardo-Alonso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610462881300_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1039\/D3MA00865G","article-title":"Dispersion\nEngineering of Cellulose Nanofibres in Polyols: For Controlled Microstructure\nof High-Performance Polyurethane Foam","volume":"5","author":"Haridevan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater.\nAdv."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026100610462881300_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13172952","article-title":"Nanoparticles Addition in PU Foams: The Dramatic Effect of Trapped-Air\non Nucleation","volume":"13","author":"Merillas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026100610462881300_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14133474","article-title":"Polyurethane Composite Foams Synthesized\nUsing Bio-Polyols\nand Cellulose Filler","volume":"14","author":"Uram","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2147\/NSA.S64386","article-title":"Cellulose Nanocrystals:\nSynthesis, Functional Properties, and Applications","author":"George","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Sci. Appl."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610462881300_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-025-01349-9","article-title":"Comprehensive Review\nof Cellulose Nanocrystals: Preparation,\nProperties, Modifications and Applications","volume":"49","author":"Sonowal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Res. Cent."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100610462881300_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1021\/cr900339w","article-title":"Cellulose\nNanocrystals: Chemistry,\nSelf-Assembly, and Applications","volume":"110","author":"Habibi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100610462881300_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18091950","article-title":"Nanocrystalline\nCellulose Reinforcement and Constrained Expansion to Enhance Mechanical\nPerformance of Rigid Polyurethane Foams for Sandwich Panel Applications","volume":"18","author":"Bach","year":"2025","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.05.039","article-title":"The Use of Cellulose\nNanocrystals to Enhance the Thermal Insulation Properties and Sustainability\nof Rigid Polyurethane Foam","volume":"107","author":"Septevani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"issue":"May","key":"2026100610462881300_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2022.115129","article-title":"Rational\nAnalysis of Dispersion and Solubility of Kraft Lignin in Polyols for\nPolyurethanes","volume":"185","author":"Haridevan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100610462881300_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.23490","article-title":"Cellulose\nNanocrystals and Related\nNanocomposites: Review of Some Properties and Challenges","volume":"52","author":"Mariano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100610462881300_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16081095","article-title":"Nanocellulose Grades\nwith Different Morphologies and\nSurface Modification as Additives for Waterborne Epoxy Coatings","volume":"16","author":"Samyn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"issue":"February","key":"2026100610462881300_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2021.113396","article-title":"Preparation of a Novel Lignin-Based Film with High Solid Content\nand Its Physicochemical Characteristics","volume":"164","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind.\nCrops Prod."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100610462881300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobab.2026.100265","article-title":"Decoupling Optical\nand Mechanical Trade-Offs in Photonic Hydrogels via Bioinspired Multi-Network\nArchitecture","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Bioresour. Bioprod."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100610462881300_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4546","DOI":"10.1007\/s40843-025-3551-5","article-title":"Bioinspired Photonic\nPolyurethane: Uniting Self-Healing and Flexibility for Multiple Sensing","volume":"68","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. China Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610462881300_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-68803-8","article-title":"A Gradient-Structured\nAll-Cellulose Biofoam Enabled by Solvent-Induced Molecular Assembly\nfor Sustainable Insulation Modules","volume":"17","author":"Zeng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit34","unstructured":"ISO.\n          . ISO 2896\u2500Rigid Cellular Plastics\u2500Determination\nof Water Absorption.  Int. Organ. Stand.1987."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100610462881300_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(02)00254-3","article-title":"Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Banana\nFiber Reinforced Polyester Composites","volume":"63","author":"Pothan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compos.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91932-4_1","article-title":"Viscosity","volume-title":"Snapshots of Hemodynamics","author":"Westerhof","year":"2019"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100610462881300_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1122\/1.550044","article-title":"Viscosity\/Concentration\nRelationships for Emulsions","volume":"33","author":"Pal","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Rheol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100610462881300_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1700962","article-title":"Interpretation\nof Viscosity Data for Concentrated Polymer\nSolutions","volume":"34","author":"Fujita","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100610462881300_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15092194","article-title":"Rigid\nPolyurethane Biofoams Filled with Pine Seed Shell and Yerba Mate Wastes","volume":"15","author":"Acosta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2017.10.058","article-title":"High Bio-Content Polyurethane (PU) Foam Made from Bio-Polyol and\nCellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) via Microwave Liquefaction","volume":"138","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"issue":"P4","key":"2026100610462881300_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.135282","article-title":"Synthesis\nof Bio-Polyol-Functionalized Nanocrystalline Celluloses as Reactive\/Reinforcing\nComponents in Bio-Based Polyurethane Foams by Homogeneous Environment\nModification","volume":"278","author":"Silvano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"April 2024","key":"2026100610462881300_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2024.135443","article-title":"Enhancing\nThermal and Mechanical Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam with\nEco-Friendly Silane-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals","volume":"704","author":"Saddique","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., A"},{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.100","article-title":"Strong Biodegradable\nCellulose Materials with Improved Crystallinity\nvia Hydrogen Bonding Tailoring Strategy for UV Blocking and Antioxidant\nActivity","volume":"164","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026100610462881300_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11829","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.28602","article-title":"Synthesis\nand Characterization of Bio-based Poly(Urethane-urea) Nanocomposite\nCoatings Employing Cellulose Nanocrystals Incorporated by Two Different\nRoutes","volume":"45","author":"Herran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610462881300_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-021-00970-3","article-title":"Polydimethylsiloxane-based\nPolyurethane\/Cellulose Nanocrystal Nanocomposites: From Structural\nProperties Toward Cytotoxicity","volume":"14","author":"Khadivi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Silicon"},{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.01.040","article-title":"Lignin as a Reactive Reinforcing\nFiller for Water-Blown Rigid Biofoam Composites from Soy Oil-Based\nPolyurethane","volume":"47","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100610462881300_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1021\/sc5001226","article-title":"Lignin-Based\nRigid Polyurethane Foam\nReinforced with Pulp Fiber: Synthesis and Characterization","volume":"2","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610462881300_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1754-6834-6-12","article-title":"Effect of Replacing\nPolyol by Organosolv and Kraft\nLignin on the Property and Structure of Rigid Polyurethane Foam","volume":"6","author":"Pan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100610462881300_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10070706","article-title":"Effects of\nSurface Functionalization of Lignin on Synthesis and Properties of\nRigid Bio-Based Polyurethanes Foams","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.06.006","article-title":"A Feasibility Study of Polyurethane\nComposite Foam with Added Hardwood Pulp","volume":"42","author":"Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind.\nCrops Prod."},{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2020.106479","article-title":"Nutmeg Filler\nas a Natural Compound for the Production of Polyurethane Composite\nFoams with Antibacterial and Anti-Aging Properties","volume":"86","author":"Cz\u0142onka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610462881300_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-024-01089-w","article-title":"Self-Healing Polyurethane\/Cellulose\nNanocrystal Composite Fibers with Fatigue and Aging Resistance for\nSmart Wearable Elastic Yarns","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Hybrid\nMater."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100610462881300_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202213294","article-title":"Multiple Structure Reconstruction\nby Dual Dynamic Crosslinking Strategy Inducing Self-Reinforcing and\nToughening the Polyurethane\/Nanocellulose Elastomers","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100610462881300_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11091392","article-title":"Open-Cell Rigid Polyurethane Foams from Peanut Shell-Derived Polyols\nPrepared under Different Post-Processing Conditions","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128420","article-title":"Properties of Sodium Alginate-Based\nNanocomposite Films: Effects of Aspect Ratio and Surface Charge of\nCellulose Nanocrystals","volume":"256","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026100610462881300_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10953","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-021-04227-5","article-title":"Rheological,\nMechanical, Thermal and Electrical Properties of UHMWPE\/CNC Composites","volume":"28","author":"Duraccio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2021.101519","article-title":"Microstructure\nand Dynamics of Nanocellulose Films: Insights into the Deformational\nBehavior","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Extreme Mech. Lett."},{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.140297","article-title":"Enhancement of Mechanical\nProperties in Reactive Polyurethane Film via In-Situ Assembly of Embedded\nCellulose Nanocrystals","volume":"301","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100610462881300_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-021-03801-1","article-title":"Micro Fibrillated\nCellulose Reinforced Bio-Based Rigid\nHigh-Density Polyurethane Foams","volume":"28","author":"Kerche","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.02.005","article-title":"Properties of Flexible Polyurethane\nFoams Containing Isocyanate Functionalized Kraft Lignin","volume":"100","author":"Go\u0301mez-Ferna\u0301ndez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610462881300_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2006.0105","article-title":"Cellulose\nMicro\/Nanocrystals Reinforced Polyurethane","volume":"21","author":"Marcovich","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ornaghi, H. L.; Bolner, A. S.; Fiorio, R.; Zattera, A. J.; Amico, S. C.\n          Mechanical\nand Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Hybrid Composites Molded by Resin\nTransfer Molding. 2010. 10.1002\/app.","DOI":"10.1002\/app.32388"},{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.10.023","article-title":"The Influence\nof Crude Glycerol and Castor Oil-Based\nPolyol on the Structure and Performance of Rigid Polyurethane-Polyisocyanurate\nFoams","volume":"95","author":"Hejna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"2026100610462881300_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1635","article-title":"Dynamic-Mechanical\nStudy of Water-Blown\nRigid Polyurethane Foams with and without Soy Flour","volume":"81","author":"Chang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100610462881300_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03353624","article-title":"Rigid Polyurethane Foam Reinforced with Cellulose Whiskers:\nSynthesis and Characterization","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c07686","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/60136\/68662425\/acsomega.6c07686.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/60136\/68662425\/acsomega.6c07686.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:23:27Z","timestamp":1791300207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/39\/60136\/5439085\/Cellulose-Nanocrystals-as-Nucleating-Agents-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c07686","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]}}}