{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:00:29Z","timestamp":1791302429902,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52164015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52164015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52364009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52364009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guizhou Province Science and Technology Achievement Transformation Joint Fund Project","award":["Qian Ke He Cheng Guo LH (2025) Key 002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qian Ke He Cheng Guo LH (2025) Key 002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Clarifying the transformation mechanism of hydraulic fracturing on coal-rock pore-fracture structures and the associated seepage response is fundamental to the efficient development of low-permeability coalbed methane reservoirs. However, existing studies are hindered by a disconnect between field observations and laboratory evaluations, and the use of single characterization methods fails to capture the full-scale pore structures. To address these limitations, this study establishes a novel multiscale comparative framework that integrates primary coal, field-fractured coal, and laboratory-simulated fractured coal. This systematic approach was not previously implemented. A comprehensive suite of characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, high-pressure mercury intrusion, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, carbon dioxide adsorption, nuclear magnetic resonance, and overburden-pressure pore permeability measurements, is employed to elucidate the fracturing-induced alterations across the full pore size spectrum. The cross-scale fractal dimension evolution is quantitatively characterized, seepage differences among sample groups are compared, and the laboratory simulation method is rigorously validated against field-fractured samples. The results demonstrate that hydraulic fracturing shifts the pore structure from micropore-dominated to mesopore-macropore synergistic development with substantial enhancement of meso- and macropores. Meanwhile, stress-induced irreversible collapse of key adsorption micropores of 0.5 to 0.6 nm leads to a reduction in the CO2 adsorption capacity. The fractal dimension increases with pore size, confirming that fracturing promotes structural complexity through pore merging and improved connectivity. Field-fractured samples exhibit an increased movable fluid porosity, enhanced permeability, and pronounced stress sensitivity. Notably, the laboratory-simulated method effectively reproduces the coupled mechanical-hydraulic effects, yielding pore characteristics and seepage responses that are consistent with field samples, thereby validating its reliability as a predictive tool for fracturing optimization. Collectively, these findings provide both theoretical insights and experimental evidence to support the quantitative evaluation of fracturing effectiveness and process optimization in low-permeability coalbed methane reservoirs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c07999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:02:38Z","timestamp":1790222558000},"page":"60268-60288","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multiscale Pore-Fracture\nReconstruction and Seepability\nEnhancement of Coal by Hydraulic Fracturing: A Field-Laboratory Integrated\nInvestigation"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jianbin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou University , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4649-8954","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xijian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou University , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoukun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou University , , ,","place":["Guiyang, China, 550025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026100610481226800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s44442-026-00081-x","article-title":"Recent advances in adsorbent materials for the efficient purification\nof low-concentration coalbed methane through pressure swing adsorption","volume":"30","author":"Qiao","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"50","key":"2026100610481226800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62369","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c11352","article-title":"Efficient and Stable Gas Drainage\nTechnology for the Entire Life\nCycle of Boreholes in Soft Coal Seams","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100610481226800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"022001","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0252342","article-title":"Methane release and energy evolution in coal and its\nimplication for gas outburst","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2026.104945","article-title":"Coal bed gas in Colombia: Current\nstatus","volume":"316","author":"Marin\u0303o-Martinez","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2025.137688","article-title":"Key parameters and dynamic behavior of coalbed methane\nduring pre-extraction:\nA comprehensive approach using coupled fluid-solid models and inversion\ntechniques","volume":"408","author":"Yan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610481226800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.4c05537","article-title":"Advanced Physical Simulation Technique for Investigating Coalbed\nMethane Coproduction in Multicoal Seams","volume":"39","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy\nFuels"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610481226800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-47379-9","article-title":"Pore structure of deep\nhigh-rank coal and its impact on coalbed methane adsorption: a case\nstudy of the Daning-Jixian block, Eastern Ordos Basin","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2022.104407","article-title":"Gas transport and diffusion coefficients\nin a coupling coal system of matrix and nano-fracture: A molecular\nsimulation study","volume":"99","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2025.135274","article-title":"Enhancing coalbed methane\nrecovery using high power ultrasonic excitation: A nano-micro -to-engineering\nscale study","volume":"320","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100610481226800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126628","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0244637","article-title":"Adjustment of fracture\nnetwork geometry during temporary plugging and diverting fracturing\nin deep coalbed methane reservoirs: An experimental study","volume":"36","author":"Zou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"issue":"43","key":"2026100610481226800_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23081","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.4c03350","article-title":"Methane Desorption\u2013Diffusion\nBehaviors in Micropores of Coal under Different Water Displacement\nPressures","volume":"40","author":"Ni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"issue":"28","key":"2026100610481226800_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29909","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c00520","article-title":"Cleat and Fracture Systems in Coal with Implications\nfor Strength, Hydrofracking, and Gas\u2013Water Flow Mechanisms:\nA Critical Review","volume":"10","author":"Abrar","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100610481226800_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4588","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.7b00656","article-title":"Challenges and Opportunities\nof Coalbed Methane Development\nin China","volume":"31","author":"Lau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100610481226800_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3309","DOI":"10.1007\/s13202-018-0467-y","article-title":"Mechanism of shear failure near fracture\nface during drainage process of CBM well","volume":"10","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\nPet. Explor. Prod. Technol."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026100610481226800_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21440","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c01799","article-title":"Prediction\nof the Effects of Pulsating Hydraulic Fracturing on the Porous Structure\nand Permeability of Coal Based on NMR and AE Spectra","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5564572","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5564572","article-title":"A New Method\nto Improve the Fracturing Effect of Coal Seams by Using Preset Slots\nand Induced Stress Shadows","volume":"2021","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geofluids"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100610481226800_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8832","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.6b01720","article-title":"Gas Transportation and Enhanced Coalbed Methane Recovery Processes\nin Deep Coal Seams: A Review","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026100610481226800_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16149","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.4c03109","article-title":"Pore-Scale\nPermeability Characteristics of Deep Coalbed Methane Reservoirs","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610481226800_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s11053-023-10291-4","article-title":"Quantification\nof Gas Transport Behavior During Coalbed Methane Extraction in A Coal\nSeam Considering a Dual-Porosity\/Single-Permeability Model","volume":"33","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Resour. Res."},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petlm.2015.03.008","article-title":"A review on hydraulic\nfracturing of unconventional reservoir","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Petroleum"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100610481226800_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15617","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c12789","article-title":"Review on Main Controlling Factors and Key Simulation\nTechniques of Hydro-Fracturing Potential for Coalbed Methane Reservoirs:\nRecent Progress, Challenges, and Prospects","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2018.12.047","article-title":"A Prediction\nModel for Desorption Area Propagation of Coalbed Methane Wells with\nHydraulic Fracturing","volume":"175","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoen.2024.212706","article-title":"Investigation of Pressure\nPropagation in Coal Reservoirs and Formulation\nof the Drainage System for CBM Vertical Wells","volume":"235","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geoenergy Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21309","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c01021","article-title":"Research on Optimization\nof Construction Parameters of Vertical Cross-Layer Fracturing in Thin\nInterbedded Coalbed Methane Reservoirs","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS\nOmega"},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12081711","article-title":"Mitigation of Fracturing\nFluid Leak-Off and Subsequent Formation Damage Caused by Coal Fine\nInvasion in Fractures: an Experimental Study","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1007\/s11053-023-10220-5","article-title":"A Coupled Hydraulic\u2013Mechanical\nModel with Two-Phase Flow for Fracturing Development of Undersaturated\nCoalbed Methane Reservoirs Considering Permeability Velocity-Sensitive\nDamage","volume":"32","author":"Shu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Resour. Res."},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2018.10.001","article-title":"A new model\nto conduct hydraulic fracture design in coalbed methane reservoirs\nby incorporating stress variations","volume":"174","author":"Behnoudfar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pet.\nSci. Eng."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026100610481226800_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10853","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.5c01259","article-title":"Advanced Techniques for Improving\nthe Production of Natural Resources from Unconventional Reservoirs:\nA State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"39","author":"Abdulhadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"SPE","DOI":"10.2118\/84488-MS","article-title":"Improved Microseismic\nFracture Mapping Using Perforation Timing Measurements for Velocity\nCalibration","volume-title":"Paper presented at the SPE Annual\nTechnical Conference and Exhibition","author":"Warpinski","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A75129","DOI":"10.1190\/1.3477966","article-title":"Petroleum Reservoir\nCharacterization Using Downhole Microseismic Monitoring","volume":"75","author":"Maxwell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100610481226800_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2118\/1010-0047-JPT","article-title":"Integration\nof Microseismic and Other Post-Fracture Surveillance With Production\nAnalysis: A Tight Gas Study","volume":"62","author":"Denney","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pet. Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100610481226800_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1306\/08121413151","article-title":"Natural Fractures\nin Shale: A Review and New Observations","volume":"98","author":"Gale","year":"2014","journal-title":"AAPG\nBull."},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27880","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78214-8","article-title":"Propagation and Distribution of Shear and Tensile Hydraulic Fractures\nAffected by Frictional Coal Beddings","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610481226800_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-020-00063-x","article-title":"A novel hydraulic fracturing gel\nrealization for unconventional\nreservoirs","volume":"9","author":"Murthy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-2361(99)00056-3","article-title":"The Effect of Pore\nStructure and Gas Pressure Upon\nthe Transport Properties of Coal: a Laboratory and Modeling Study.\n2. Adsorption Rate Modeling","volume":"78","author":"Clarkson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.116906","article-title":"Effects of\nPulse Wave on the Variation of Coal Pore Structure in Pulsating Hydraulic\nFracturing Process of Coal Seam","volume":"264","author":"Jingna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100610481226800_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-010-0057-4","article-title":"Advanced Characterization\nof Pores\nand Fractures in Coals by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and X-ray Computed\nTomography","volume":"53","author":"Yao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. China: Earth Sci."},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.6180\/jase.201812_21(4).0006","article-title":"Large-scale\nPhysical Simulation of Hydraulic Fracturing under True-triaxial Conditions\nand Analysis of Fracture Propagation","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl.\nSci. Eng."},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2018.10.011","article-title":"Evaluation\nof productivity index in unconventional\nreservoir systems: An extended Distributed Volumetric Sources method","volume":"61","author":"Asadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2025.05.227","article-title":"Control Mechanisms\nof Methane Transport in Coal: Dominant Factors\nof Methane Diffusion Governed by Multi-Scale Pore Structures","volume":"140","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610481226800_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-19347-2","article-title":"Integrated Pore Structure\nAnalysis and Methane Adsorption and Desorption Investigation in Deep\nMulti Seam Coal Systems","volume":"15","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2025.134814","article-title":"Shape and Size Effects\non Adsorption Performance of Methane from\nPores in Coal","volume":"318","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.120130","article-title":"Evaluation\nof Pore Properties in Coal Through Compressibility Correction Based\non Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry: A Practical Approach","volume":"291","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4273900","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4273900","article-title":"Fractal Pore\nand Its Impact on Gas Adsorption Capacity\nof Outburst Coal: Geological Significance to Coalbed Gas Occurrence\nand Outburst","volume":"2022","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adsorpt. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"41","key":"2026100610481226800_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19671","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.5c03877","article-title":"Shale Pore Network Characterization\nAcross Thermal Maturity: A Comparison of He Pycnometry, Gas Adsorption,\nand Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry","volume":"39","author":"Lis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100610481226800_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1351\/pac198254112201","article-title":"Reporting\nPhysisorption Data for Gas Solid Systems - with Special Reference\nto the Determination of Surface-Area and Porosity","volume":"54","author":"Sing","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.116031","article-title":"Adsorption Pore Structure\nand Its Fractal Characteristics of Coals by N-2 Adsorption\/desorption\nand FESEM Image Analyses","volume":"257","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11010078","article-title":"Experimental\nStudy on Fractal Characteristics\nof Adsorption Pore Structure of Coal","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Processes"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610481226800_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.7.4.115","article-title":"Note on\nA Method of Determining the Distribution of Pore Sizes in A Porous\nMaterial","volume":"7","author":"Washburn","year":"1921","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100610481226800_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1021\/ie00043a044","article-title":"Determination of the\nSurface Fractal Dimension for Porous-Media by\nMercury Porosimetry","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1021\/ie960555w","article-title":"Determination of\nthe Surface Fractal Dimension for Porous Media by\nCapillary Condensation","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2023.129049","article-title":"Stress Distribution\nProperties and Deformation\u2013fracture Mechanisms\nin Hydraulic Fracturing of Coal","volume":"351","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2025.137283","article-title":"Study on the Adsorption\nCharacteristics and Pore-Fissure Response\nMechanism of Meagre Coal and Anthracite under Different Methane Pressures","volume":"332","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2019.103261","article-title":"Application\nof Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) in Coalbed Methane and Shale Reservoirs:\nA Review","volume":"218","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2011.12.039","article-title":"Comparison\nof Low-Field NMR and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry in\nCharacterizing Pore Size Distributions of Coals","volume":"95","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1260\/0144-5987.33.5.689","article-title":"Comparative Analysis\non Water Movability in Pores of Different Reservoir\nRocks by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy\nExplor. Exploit."},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2023.118768","article-title":"Surface Relaxivity\nEstimation of Coals Using the Cutting Grain Packing Method for Coalbed\nMethane Reservoirs","volume":"427","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3699","DOI":"10.1021\/ef400421u","article-title":"Classifying\nCoal Pores and Estimating Reservoir Parameters by Nuclear Magnetic\nResonance and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry","volume":"27","author":"Zou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1515\/geo-2018-0043","article-title":"Evaluating the CBM\nReservoirs Using NMR Logging Data","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Geosci."},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-89480-5","article-title":"Experimental\nStudy of Spontaneous Imbibition from Coal Based on Nuclear Magnetic\nResonance Relaxation Spectroscopy","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100610481226800_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s40789-024-00701-0","article-title":"A Review of Coal Permeability\nModels\nIncluding the Internal Swelling Coefficient of Matrix","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026100610481226800_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2017.11.030","article-title":"An improved\nproductivity\nmodel in coal reservoir and its application during coalbed methane\nproduction","volume":"49","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"51","key":"2026100610481226800_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14866","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.1c02615","article-title":"Pore Size Dependence\nof Permeability in Bicontinuous\nNanoporous Media","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026100610481226800_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9023","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.3c00496","article-title":"Coalbed Methane Enhancement\nin Low-Permeability Reservoirs by Hydraulic\nFracturing with Coated Ceramsite","volume":"37","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c07999","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/60268\/68632117\/acsomega.6c07999.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/60268\/68632117\/acsomega.6c07999.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:23:39Z","timestamp":1791300219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/39\/60268\/5437280\/Multiscale-Pore-Fracture-Reconstruction-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c07999","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]}}}