{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:59:13Z","timestamp":1791302353867,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"39","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009558","name":"University Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024AH060001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AH060001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009558","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PA2023GDSK0072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PA2023GDSK0072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22271072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22271072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52102232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52102232"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003995","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2008085QE206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2008085QE206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003995","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003995","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2108085QE233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2108085QE233"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003995","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) has been extensively investigated as a promising candidate photoanode semiconductor for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation, yet its performance is severely restricted by the suboptimal charge utilization originating from local V\u2013O coordination environment, with vanadium deficiency and near-surface lattice distortion interrupting polaron-mediated charge transfer. Herein, a boron-mediated hydrothermal reconstruction strategy is developed to construct modified BiVO4 photoanodes through the coupled introduction of vanadium oxide species, with borate-derived surface ligands. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis, temperature-dependent photoluminescence (Td-PL) spectra, and in situ Raman measurements collectively indicate that the formed thin B-VOx-rich surface layer drives the near-surface V\/Bi ratio toward stoichiometry to mitigate V-deficiency-related surface states, modulates the V\u2013O framework with higher symmetry in VO4 tetrahedron, and accelerates the water oxidation kinetics by a borate promoter. Thereby, the charge utilization efficiency is significantly improved by simultaneously enhanced photoinduced electron separation via activated polaron hopping and boosted photogenerated photohole injection. As a result, the optimized photoanode achieves photocurrent density up to 5.58 mA cm\u20132 at 1.23 VRHE under simulated one sun illumination, more than 4.85 times higher than that of pristine BiVO4, together with high separation and injection efficiencies of 85.18% and 87.83%, respectively. This work provides an innovative defect-interface reconstruction route for enhancing polaron-mediated charge utilization in metal oxide photoelectrodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c08057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:02:33Z","timestamp":1790251353000},"page":"60314-60323","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polaron-Regulated\nCharge Utilization in Boron-Mediated\nVOx-Reconstructed BiVO4 Photoanodes for\nPhotoelectrochemical Water Oxidation"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8296-3166","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yanming","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hefei, P. R. China, 230009"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linyu","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hefei, P. R. China, 230009"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hefei, P. R. China, 230009"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9676-6750","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chengfeng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology , , ,","place":["Hefei, P. R. China, 230009"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gezhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Jianzhu University , , ,","place":["Hefei, P. R. China, 230601"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqian","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Jianzhu University , , ,","place":["Hefei, P. R. China, 230601"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Green Manufacturing in Phosgene Industry , ,","place":["Guangde, P. R. China, 242235"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shendong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Green Manufacturing in Phosgene Industry , ,","place":["Guangde, P. R. China, 242235"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Green Manufacturing in Phosgene Industry , ,","place":["Guangde, P. R. China, 242235"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3694-5404","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Minmin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, P. R. China, 210096"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8151-1256","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaokang","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Jianzhu University , , ,","place":["Hefei, P. R. China, 230601"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100610461769000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4768","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.4c00258","article-title":"Chemistry of materials underpinning\nphotoelectrochemical solar fuel production","volume":"125","author":"Schichtl","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Rev"},{"key":"2026100610461769000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13660","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.4c00382","article-title":"Toward efficient utilization\nof photogenerated charge carriers in photoelectrochemical systems:\nengineering strategies from the atomic level to configuration","volume":"124","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. 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A"},{"key":"2026100610461769000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6649","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.5c09061","article-title":"Enhanced photoelectrochemical\nwater splitting of BiVO4 photoanode via synergistic effects\nof polycarbazole hole transport layer and NiFeOOH cocatalyst","volume":"16","author":"Lv","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Catal"},{"key":"2026100610461769000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.5c09177","article-title":"Dual-channel\ncharge manipulation for enhancing charge separation and transfer kinetics\nin BiVO4 photoanodes","volume":"16","author":"Shao","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Catal"},{"key":"2026100610461769000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade4589","article-title":"Dynamic semiconductor-electrolyte\ninterface for sustainable solar water splitting over 600 hours under\nneutral conditions","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. 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Ed"},{"key":"2026100610461769000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2403835","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202403835","article-title":"Bismuth vacancies induced\nlattice strain in BiVO4 photoanodes boosting charge separation\nfor water oxidation","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater"},{"key":"2026100610461769000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401122","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202401122","article-title":"Gradient-tuned VO4 vacancies in BiVO4 photoanode\nfor boosting bulk hole transport and oxygen evolution reaction performance","volume":"34","author":"Pei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater"},{"key":"2026100610461769000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6963","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c22509","article-title":"Unraveling\nand compensating surface vanadium vacancies in BiVO4 photoanodes\nvia a hydrothermal diffusion strategy for enhanced photoelectrochemical\nwater oxidation","volume":"18","author":"Wan","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c08057","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/60314\/68636159\/acsomega.6c08057.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/11\/39\/60314\/68636159\/acsomega.6c08057.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:23:40Z","timestamp":1791300220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/39\/60314\/5437570\/Polaron-Regulated-Charge-Utilization-in-Boron"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"39","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c08057","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]}}}