{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:51:06Z","timestamp":1791921066537,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52376133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52376133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Suqian Science and Technology Program","award":["K202434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K202434"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Epoxy resins (EPs) are widely used in advanced engineering applications but suffer from inherent flammability and rapid heat release during combustion. A biomaterial-based core\u2013shell flame retardant, Cu2O@(CH\/PT), has been fabricated using a mild layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly strategy by alternately depositing chitosan (CH) and phosphorylated cellulose (PT) onto Cu2O particles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analyses provided complementary morphological and chemical evidence for the surface deposition and assembly of CH and PT on Cu2O particles. The resulting Cu2O@(CH\/PT) was incorporated into epoxy resin blends to investigate its effects on thermal degradation and combustion behavior. The incorporation of 8 wt % Cu2O@(CH\/PT) increased the residual mass of the EP blends at 700 \u00b0C during thermal degradation from 7.79% to 20.62% and increased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) for combustion from 23.3% to 31.0%. Microscale combustion calorimetry results showed that the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and heat release capacity (HRC) for combustion of EP-8 were reduced by 45.1%, 33.4%, and 44.0%, respectively, compared with the corresponding values for combustion of neat EP. The enhanced flame-retardant performance may be associated with the cooperative effects of the Cu2O catalytic core and the biomaterial-based phosphorus\/nitrogen-containing CH\/PT shell, where PT promotes condensed-phase charring, CH contributes to the development of protective char structures, and Cu2O facilitates the stabilization of carbonaceous residues. A sustainable strategy for constructing biomaterial-based core\u2013shell Cu2O flame retardants through LbL assembly to improve the fire safety of epoxy resin blends has been developed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c09407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:02:12Z","timestamp":1790769732000},"page":"62211-62225","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biomaterial-Based\nCu2O@Chitosan\/Phosphorylated\nCellulose Core\u2013Shell Flame Retardant Fabricated via Layer-by-Layer\nAssembly for Enhanced Fire Safety of Epoxy Resin"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3157-9032","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaotao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Suqian University , , , ,","place":["Suqian, Jiangsu, China, 223800"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaihua","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China University of Geosciences , , , ,","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430074"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yushi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China University of Geosciences , , , ,","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430074"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongqi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suqian University , , , ,","place":["Suqian, Jiangsu, China, 223800"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109976","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Reactive Flame-Retardant\nEpoxy Resin: Fundamentals, Recent Developments, and Perspectives","volume":"201","author":"Zhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2021.101366","article-title":"Phosphorus-Containing\nFlame Retardant\nEpoxy Thermosets: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives","volume":"114","author":"Huo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2022.104702","article-title":"Recent Progress and\nMultifunctional Applications of\nFire-Retardant Epoxy Resins","volume":"33","author":"Mathews","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.1473","article-title":"Thermal Decomposition,\nCombustion and Flame-Retardancy\nof Epoxy Resins\u2500A Review of the Recent Literature","volume":"53","author":"Levchik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13092145","article-title":"Recent Developments\nin the Flame-Retardant System of Epoxy Resin","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coco.2021.100754","article-title":"Recyclable Flame-Retardant\nEpoxy\nComposites Based on Disulfide Bonds: Flammability and Recyclability","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.202200408","article-title":"Thermal\nStability and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resin with DOPO-Based Compound\nContaining Triazole and Hydroxyl Groups","volume":"307","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Macromol.\nMater. Eng."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13193332","article-title":"Thermal Degradation\nBehavior of Epoxy Resin Containing\nModified Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"13","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4300","DOI":"10.3390\/ma3084300","article-title":"Recent Developments\nin Halogen Free\nFlame Retardants for Epoxy Resins for Electrical and Electronic Applications","volume":"3","author":"Rakotomalala","year":"2010","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1515\/REVEH.2010.25.4.261","article-title":"Halogenated\nFlame Retardants: Do the Fire Safety Benefits Justify the Risks?","volume":"25","author":"Shaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit11","first-page":"41","article-title":"Analysis of Emerging Halogenated\nFlame Retardants\nin Environment","volume-title":"Comprehensive Analytical\nChemistry","author":"Gao","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7094","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c00076","article-title":"Synthesis of a Novel Flame Retardant Containing Phosphorus, Nitrogen,\nand Silicon and Its Application in Epoxy Resin","volume":"6","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.4174","article-title":"Synergistic Flame-Retardant\nEffect and Mechanisms of Boron\/Phosphorus Compounds on Epoxy Resins","volume":"29","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. 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Horiz."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110906","article-title":"Development of Single-Component\nEpoxy Resin with Superb Thermal Stability, Flame Retardancy, Smoke\nSuppression, and Latency via Cu-Based Phosphorus\/Imidazole-Containing\nComplex","volume":"228","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110763","article-title":"Recyclable Porous Core-Shell Mn-Co-O\nFlame Retardant for Improving Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression\nof Epoxy Resin","volume":"225","author":"Zou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.52067","article-title":"Thermal Decomposition\nBehaviors of a Self-Intumescent Flame Retardant Epoxy Resin","volume":"139","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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Vinyl Addit. Technol."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2024.134840","article-title":"Phosphorus-Nitrogen Co-Modification of Floral Hydrotalcite\nSynergized with Zinc Hydroxystannate for Enhancing Fire Resistance\nof Waterborne Epoxy Coatings","volume":"701","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Colloids Surf.,\nA"},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14727","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.4c02388","article-title":"Epoxy Polymers\nContaining Metal\u2013Organic Framework-Derived Layered Double Hydroxide\nand Black Phosphorus for Fire Resistance, Smoke Suppression, and Wear\nResistance","volume":"7","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fire7110372","article-title":"Enhancing Flame Retardancy\nin Epoxy Resin with Clever Self-Assembly\nMethod for Optimizing Interface Interaction via Well-Dispersed Cerium\nOxide on Piperazine Pyrophosphate","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fire"},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2018.04.065","article-title":"Effect of Additive Phosphorus-Nitrogen\nContaining Flame Retardant on Char Formation and Flame Retardancy\nof Epoxy Resin","volume":"214","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28965","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA05513F","article-title":"Effect of Diammonium\nHydrogen Phosphate Coated with Silica on Flame Retardancy of Epoxy\nResin","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2022.08.117","article-title":"Interfacial\nEngineering to Construct P-Loaded Hollow Nanohybrids for Flame-Retardant\nand High-Performance Epoxy Resins","volume":"628","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Colloid\nInterface Sci."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.151356","article-title":"Synergistic\nEffects of Aryl Diazonium Modified Few-Layer\nBlack Phosphorus\/Ultrafine Rare Earth Yttrium Oxide with Enhancing\nFlame Retardancy and Catalytic Smoke Toxicity Suppression of Epoxy\nResin","volume":"571","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111367","article-title":"Core-Shell\nEngineered Boehmite-Derived\nOrganic-Inorganic Hybrid Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resins: Synergistically\nEnhanced Fire Safety and Mechanical Integrity","volume":"238","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8204","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA00166D","article-title":"A Novel P\/N\/Si\/Zn-Containing\nHybrid Flame Retardant\nfor Enhancing Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression of Epoxy Resins","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22425","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TA02637G","article-title":"Synchronously Enhanced Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties\nof Epoxy\/Carbon Fiber Composites Achieved via an Interfacial Structure\nDesign","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.4c03882","article-title":"Cobalt and Nickel ZIF\/MXene\nNanohybrids as Flame Retardants for Epoxy Polymers","volume":"8","author":"Qian","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5330.1232","article-title":"Fuzzy Nanoassemblies:\nToward Layered Polymeric Multicomposites","volume":"277","author":"Decher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11915","DOI":"10.1021\/la051284+","article-title":"Layer-by-Layer Assembly\nof Nacre-like Nanostructured Composites with Antimicrobial Properties","volume":"21","author":"Podsiadlo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111219","article-title":"Facile Preparation\nof Microcapsuled P-N@MXene Flame Retardant Using Layer-by-Layer Assembly\nStrategy towards Enhanced Fire Safety of Epoxy Resin","volume":"234","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11705-025-2526-5","article-title":"Construction of CS@APP@UiO-66\nthrough Self-Assembly Technology as Flame Retardant and Smoke Suppressant\nfor Epoxy Resins","volume":"19","author":"Shao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Chem. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2026.174979","article-title":"Highly Effective Core-Shell\nCNF\/HGM@CS\/MXene Electromagnetic Interference Composite Films with\nSuperior Flame Retardancy","volume":"533","author":"Shi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9797(03)00110-3","article-title":"Seed-Mediated Growth\nApproach to Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Cu2O Particles","volume":"261","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420051896","volume-title":"Surface Charging and\nPoints of Zero Charge","author":"Kosmulski","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit43","first-page":"13","article-title":"Amorphous Cellulose\u2500Structure\nand Characterization","volume":"45","author":"Ciolacu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cellul. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2026.151337","article-title":"Fabrication\nof a Bio-Based Flame Retardant Nitrogen-Silicon Doped Carbon Quantum\nDots\/Sodium Lignosulfonate and Its Flame Retardant Effect in Epoxy\nResin","volume":"354","author":"Ren","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.53430","article-title":"Preparation of DOPO-Derived\nMagnesium Phosphate Whisker and Its Synergistic Effect with Ammonium\nPolyphosphate on the Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Property of Epoxy\nResin","volume":"140","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.70165","article-title":"Oligomeric\nBrominated Flame Retardants: Synthesis and Synergistic Improvement\nin Flame Retardancy, Mechanical Properties, and Migration Resistance\nof Epoxy Resins","volume":"143","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2025.101115","article-title":"Improving the Flame Retardancy of\nEpoxy Resin by Incorporating a Novel Vanillin-Based Flame Retardant","volume":"9","author":"Zhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Next Mater."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9238","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.4c01660","article-title":"Hierarchical Nanospheres toward Flame-Retardant,\nMechanically\nStrong, and Low-Toxicity Epoxy Resins","volume":"6","author":"Rao","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl.\nPolym. Mater."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaenm.5c00220","article-title":"Hyper-Cross-Linked\nPolymers with Dual Functionality: Enhancing Flame\nRetardancy and Thermal Insulation in Epoxy Resin Composites","volume":"3","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20047","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.4c03418","article-title":"Biobased Hyperbranched Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resin Modification:\nSimultaneously Improved Flame Retardancy, Toughness, and Smoke Toxicity\nSuppression","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.54077","article-title":"Ladder-like Cross-linked\nNetwork of Epoxy Resin through Multi-site Interaction: Flame Retardancy\nand Mechanical Properties","volume":"140","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/vnl.21940","article-title":"Eco-Friendly Flame Retardant Epoxy Nanocomposites Based\non Polyphosphonate and Halloysite Nanotubes","volume":"29","author":"Hamciuc","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vinyl Addit. Technol."},{"key":"2026101315081960100_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1002\/vnl.22104","article-title":"N, P Co-doped Carbon Quantum Dot and Ammonium Polyphosphate as the\nSynergistic Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resin","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vinyl Addit. Technol."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c09407","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c09407\/68709286\/acsomega.6c09407.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c09407\/68709286\/acsomega.6c09407.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:31:39Z","timestamp":1791919899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/11\/40\/62211\/5442235\/Biomaterial-Based-Cu2O-Chitosan-Phosphorylated"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.6c09407","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]}}}