{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T18:10:09Z","timestamp":1789755009082,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]],"date-time":"2017-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007780","name":"Indian Institute of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001134","name":"Australia-India Strategic Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001134","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001501","name":"University Grants Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001501","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The minimization of the detrimental effects as a result of the drastic volume changes (few hundred times) occurring during repeated alloying\u2013dealloying of lithium with group IV elements, e.g., tin (Sn), is a major challenge. An important design strategy is to have Sn as a component in a binary compound. SnSb is an important example where the antimony (Sb) itself is redox active at a potential higher than that of Sn. The ability of Sb to alloy with Li reduces the Li uptake amount of Sn in SnSb compared to that in bare Sn. Thus, the volume changes of Sn in SnSb will expectedly be much lower compared to that in bare Sn, leading to greater mechanical stability and cyclability. As revealed recently, the complete reformation of SnSb (for a molar ratio of Sn\/Sb = 1:1) during charging is not achieved due to the loss of some fraction of Sn. Thus, the molar concentration of Sn and Sb in SnSb is also absolutely important for the optimization of battery performance. We discuss here SnSb with varying compositions of Sn encapsulated inside an electrospun carbon nanofiber (abbreviated as CF). The carbon-nanofiber matrix not only provides electron transport pathways for the redox process but also provides ample space to accommodate the drastic volume changes occurring during successive charge and discharge cycles. The systematic changes in the chemical composition of SnSb minimize the instabilities in SnSb structure as well as replenish any loss in Sn during repeated cycling. The composition plays a very crucial role, as magnitude of specific capacities and cyclability of SnSb are observed to depend on the variable percentage of Sn. SnSb-75-25-CF, which contains excess Sn, exhibits the highest specific capacity of 550 mAh g\u20131 after 100 cycles in comparison with pure SnSb (1:1) anode material at a current density of 0.2 A g\u20131 and shows excellent rate capability over widely varying current densities (0.2\u20135 A g\u20131).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b01479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]],"date-time":"2017-12-27T15:29:27Z","timestamp":1514388567000},"page":"9250-9260","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Probing the Critical Role of Sn Content in SnSb@C\nNanofiber Anode on Li Storage Mechanism and Battery Performance"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Suman","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Science , , ,","place":["Bangalore, India, 560012"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7830-9532","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tayur N.","family":"Guru Row","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Science , , ,","place":["Bangalore, India, 560012"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0736-0004","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aninda J.","family":"Bhattacharyya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Science , , ,","place":["Bangalore, India, 560012"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1039\/C1EE01249E","article-title":"Towards an electricity-powered world","volume":"4","author":"Armaroli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1021\/ja3091438","article-title":"The Li-Ion\nRechargeable Battery: A Perspective","volume":"135","author":"Goodenough","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am.\nChem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1021\/cm902696j","article-title":"Positive\nElectrode Materials for\nLi-Ion and Li-Batteries","volume":"22","author":"Ellis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4287","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b11798","article-title":"Local Structure and Stability of\nSEI in Graphite and ZFO Electrodes Probed by As K-Edge Absorption\nSpectroscopy","volume":"120","author":"Rezvani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88683","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA19482F","article-title":"Understanding undesirable anode lithium\nplating issues\nin lithium-ion batteries","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2014.10.040","article-title":"Li-Ion battery materials: present\nand Future","volume":"18","author":"Nitta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/ppsc.201300231","article-title":"High-Capacity Anode Materials for\nLithium-Ion Batteries:\nChoice of Elements and Structures for Active Particles","volume":"31","author":"Nitta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Part. Part. Syst. Charact."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1021\/sc500735a","article-title":"Development of Sustainable Rapid Microwave Assisted\nProcess for Extracting Nanoporous Si from Earth Abundant Agricultural\nResidues and Their Carbon-based Nanohybrids for Lithium Energy Storage","volume":"3","author":"Praneetha","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmat.2015.06.002","article-title":"High capacity group-IV\nelements (Si, Ge, Sn) based anodes for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"1","author":"Tian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Materiomics"},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A2325","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0731512jes","article-title":"Capacity Fading\nMechanisms of Silicon Nanoparticle Negative Electrodes for Lithium\nIon Batteries","volume":"162","author":"Yoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A137","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1388178","article-title":"Colossal\nReversible Volume Changes in Lithium Alloys","volume":"4","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Electrochem. Solid-State Lett."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5652","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0345524","article-title":"Synthesis\nof Tin-Encapsulated Spherical\nHollow Carbon for Anode Material in Lithium Secondary Batteries","volume":"125","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3643","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-012-1797-1","article-title":"A broad\npore size distribution mesoporous SnO2 as anode for lithium-ion\nbatteries","volume":"16","author":"Shiva","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1002\/zaac.201300621","article-title":"In-situ\nStabilization of Tin Nanoparticles in Porous Carbon Matrix derived\nfrom Metal Organic Framework: High Capacity and High Rate Capability\nAnodes for Lithium-ion Batteries","volume":"640","author":"Shiva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Z. Anorg.\nAllg. Chem."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2016.04.105","article-title":"Tin-based\nanode materials with well-designed architectures for next generation\nlithium-ion batteries","volume":"321","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2015.11.017","article-title":"The developments\nof SnO2\/graphene\nnanocomposites as anode materials for high performance lithium ion\nbatteries: A review","volume":"304","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2014.10.008","article-title":"Significant\nimpact of 2D graphene nano sheets on large volume change tin-based\nanodes in lithium-ion batteries: A review","volume":"274","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\nPower Sources"},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1021\/am100218v","article-title":"Single-Crystal Intermetallic\nM\u2013Sn (M = Fe, Cu, Co, Ni) Nanospheres as Negative Electrodes\nfor Lithium-Ion Batteries","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater.\nInterfaces"},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.7b00046","article-title":"Lithium-Ion\nBatteries with High Rate Capabilities","volume":"5","author":"Eftekhari","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable\nChem. Eng."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A209","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2978082","article-title":"Electrochemical\nReaction of Lithium with Nanocrystalline CoSn3","volume":"11","author":"Alca\u0301ntara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electrochem. Solid-State Lett."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200602035","article-title":"High-Rate,\nLong-Life Ni\u2013Sn Nanostructured Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries","volume":"19","author":"Hassoun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200305165","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Porous\nCopper-Tin Alloy Electrodes for Rechargeable\nLithium Batteries","volume":"15","author":"Shin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.02.125","article-title":"3D microporous Sn-Sb-Ni alloy impregnated\nNi foam as high-performance\nnegative electrode for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"705","author":"Sengupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2005.12.111","article-title":"Si\/SnSb alloy composite\nas high capacity anode materials for Li-ion batteries","volume":"426","author":"Guo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2005.03.056","article-title":"Electrochemical\nperformance of SnSb\nand Sn\/SnSb nanosize powders as anode materials in Li-ion cells","volume":"400","author":"Needham","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.201402291","article-title":"Electrospun\nSnSb Crystalline Nanoparticles\ninside Porous Carbon Fibers as a High Stability and Rate Capability\nAnode for Rechargeable Batteries","volume":"80","author":"Shiva","year":"2015","journal-title":"ChemPlusChem"},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7053","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA10568D","article-title":"Inexpensive\ncolloidal SnSb nanoalloys\nas efficient anode materials for lithium- and sodium-ion batteries","volume":"4","author":"Walter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21890","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b06377","article-title":"Encapsulating\nSnxSb Nanoparticles in Multichannel Graphene-Carbon Fibers\nAs Flexible Anodes to Store Lithium Ions with High Capacities","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1039\/C0CC03366A","article-title":"Porous structured SnSb\/C nanocomposites for Li-ion\nbattery anodes","volume":"47","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR05604C","article-title":"Monodisperse SnSb nanocrystals for Li-ion and Na-ion\nbattery anodes: synergy and dissonance between Sn and Sb","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2009.06.004","article-title":"A mechano- and electrochemically\ncontrolled SnSb\/C\nnanocomposite for rechargeable Li-ion batteries","volume":"54","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A281","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2189158","article-title":"Microcrystalline SnSb Alloy Powder\nas Lithium Storage Material for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Electrochem. Solid-State Lett."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15316","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ta13972g","article-title":"Nanostructured SnSb\/MOx (M 1\/4 Al or Mg)\/C composites:\nhybrid mechanochemical synthesis and excellent Li storage performances","volume":"1","author":"Seo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2015.02.124","article-title":"Electrochemical\ninvestigation of SnSb nano particles for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"150","author":"Nithyadharseni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2013.03.029","article-title":"Facile synthesis\nand long cycle life of SnSb as negative electrode material for Na-ion\nbatteries","volume":"32","author":"Darwiche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cc17129e","article-title":"High capacity, reversible\nalloying reactions in SnSb\/C nanocomposites\nfor Na-ion battery applications","volume":"48","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30793","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA01729G","article-title":"Use of a tin antimony alloy-filled porous carbon nanofiber composite\nas an anode in sodium-ion batteries","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6546","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TA10138K","article-title":"SnSb electrodes for Li-ion batteries: the electrochemical\nmechanism and capacity fading origins elucidated by using operando\ntechniques","volume":"5","author":"Antitomaso","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6740","DOI":"10.1039\/C3TA15441F","article-title":"A one-pot\nsynthesis of a highly dispersed palladium\/polypyrrole\/polyacrylonitrile\nnanofiber membrane and its recyclable catalysis in hydrogen generation\nfrom ammonia borane","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(98)00778-2","article-title":"Thermal stabilization of polyacrylonitrile\nfibres","volume":"40","author":"Dalton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/1\/3\/035604","article-title":"Dielectric\ntransition\nof polyacrylonitrile derived carbon nanofibers","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A525","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1368096","article-title":"Comparison\nBetween the Electrochemical\nBehavior of Disordered Carbons and Graphite Electrodes in Connection\nwith Their Structure","volume":"148","author":"Gnanaraj","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit500","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4282","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ta14643j","article-title":"Stable anode performance of an Sb\u2212carbon nanocomposite\nin lithium-ion batteries and the effect of ball milling mode in the\ncourse of its preparation","volume":"2","author":"Ramireddy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1021\/cm0112800","article-title":"X-ray\nDiffraction, 7Li MAS NMR Spectroscopy, and 119Sn Mo\u0308ssbauer\nSpectroscopy Study of SnSb-Based Electrode Materials","volume":"14","author":"Ferna\u0301ndez-Madrigal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"2026090210131025900_cit44","unstructured":"Material Genome Initiative. https:\/\/www.mgi.gov\/."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.7b01479","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/2\/12\/9250\/67786623\/acsomega.7b01479.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/2\/12\/9250\/67786623\/acsomega.7b01479.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T14:13:18Z","timestamp":1788358398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/2\/12\/9250\/744346\/Probing-the-Critical-Role-of-Sn-Content-in-SnSb-C"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.7b01479","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,27]]}}}