{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:59:46Z","timestamp":1792166386792,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]],"date-time":"2018-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES025257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES025257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES025257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES025257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The health effects of inhaled electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) flavoring compounds are largely unknown. Earlier reports of their chemical reactivity have been conflicting, with some claiming, for example, that the degradation of flavoring chemicals in e-cigarettes to aldehydes is statistically insignificant. It is thus important to understand how these molecules react to afford enhanced aerosol products. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the origin of formaldehyde, acrolein, and acetaldehyde in e-cigarettes that contain the popular additive, triacetin (TA). By using 13C labeling and a combination of 1H NMR and 13C NMR, we were able to identify that ester hydrolysis of TA occurs to form acetic acid (HOAc) during aerosolization. The released HOAc acts as a catalyst in the degradation of propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GLY), increasing the formation of formaldehyde hemiacetals, acrolein, and acetaldehyde. A solution of 10% TA in 1:1 PG\/GLY e-liquid was aerosolized using two different e-cigarettes at two wattages. Each device exhibited a significant increase in aldehyde levels, of up to 185% compared to the aerosol from a 1:1 PG\/GLY e-liquid. In addition, the GLY formaldehyde hemiacetal was more predominant within the presence of HOAc, indicating that GLY may be relatively more prone to degradation from protonation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b00842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]],"date-time":"2018-07-02T11:05:13Z","timestamp":1530529513000},"page":"7165-7170","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Triacetin Enhances Levels of Acrolein, Formaldehyde\nHemiacetals, and Acetaldehyde in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Shawna","family":"Vreeke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Portland State University , , 1719 SW 10th Avenue , , ,","place":["Portland, Oregon, United States, 97201"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5828-055X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David H.","family":"Peyton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portland State University , , 1719 SW 10th Avenue , , ,","place":["Portland, Oregon, United States, 97201"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3777-8492","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert M.","family":"Strongin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Portland State University , , 1719 SW 10th Avenue , , ,","place":["Portland, Oregon, United States, 97201"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090211040185100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6514a1","article-title":"Tobacco Use Among Middle and High\nSchool Students - United States, 2011-2015","volume":"65","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. 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The Safety Of E-Liquid, What We Know\nNow. https:\/\/info-electronic-cigarette.com\/e-juice\/e-liquid-safety (accessed April 12, 2018)."},{"key":"2026090211040185100_cit10","unstructured":"Better Than Food-Grade in Everything You Need to Know About VaporFi\nE Juices!\n          https:\/\/www.vaporfi.com\/blog\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-vaporfi-e-juices\/ (accessed April 16, 2018)."},{"key":"2026090211040185100_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13080","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b05145","article-title":"Flavoring Compounds Dominate Toxic Aldehyde Production\nduring E-Cigarette Vaping","volume":"50","author":"Khlystov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Contr."},{"key":"2026090211040185100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.02.059","article-title":"Do flavouring compounds\ncontribute to aldehyde emissions\nin e-cigarettes?","volume":"115","author":"Farsalinos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026090211040185100_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15020323","article-title":"Qualitative Analysis\nof E-Liquid Emissions as a Function\nof Flavor Additives Using Two Aerosol Capture Methods","volume":"15","author":"Eddingsaas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. 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Aerosol Sci."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.8b00842","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/3\/7\/7165\/67811507\/acsomega.8b00842.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/3\/7\/7165\/67811507\/acsomega.8b00842.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:04:10Z","timestamp":1788361450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/3\/7\/7165\/749681\/Triacetin-Enhances-Levels-of-Acrolein-Formaldehyde"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.8b00842","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]]}}}