{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T14:13:43Z","timestamp":1788358423885,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The long-term interaction between Cu-based alloys and environmental species gives rise to the formation of different and sometimes unusual compounds (i.e., the patina) with distinctive chemical and structural features as a function of the peculiar characteristics of the context. In this paper, we describe some representative case studies concerning degraded bronze Roman valuable or common use objects, and we show that an attentive study at a microscale level, as for forensic analysis, allows one to understand the chemical processes that underlie the formation of the surface alteration products. The achieved information describe fragments of chemical life and disclose the complex chemical changes suffered by the artifacts, allowing one to write their chemical biography. This challenging approach expands the panorama of available information and demonstrates that it is possible to reconstruct the different modes through which the bronze surfaces and interfaces have interacted with environmental species, organic matter, and microorganisms, opening up a new possibility to describe complex environmental chemical stories, in certain cases interrelated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b00569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T08:38:56Z","timestamp":1561538336000},"page":"11103-11111","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Rebuilding of the Burial Environment from the Chemical\nBiography of Archeological Copper-Based Artifacts"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5414-2077","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gabriel M.","family":"Ingo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council , , via Salaria km 29.3, Rome 1 Research Area-Montelibretti , Monterotondo, ,","place":["Rome, Italy, 00015"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Riccucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council , , via Salaria km 29.3, Rome 1 Research Area-Montelibretti , Monterotondo, ,","place":["Rome, Italy, 00015"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Guida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro , ,","place":["Rome, Italy, 00153"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Albini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council , , via Salaria km 29.3, Rome 1 Research Area-Montelibretti , Monterotondo, ,","place":["Rome, Italy, 00015"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Giuliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council , , via Salaria km 29.3, Rome 1 Research Area-Montelibretti , Monterotondo, ,","place":["Rome, Italy, 00015"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Di Carlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council , , via Salaria km 29.3, Rome 1 Research Area-Montelibretti , Monterotondo, ,","place":["Rome, Italy, 00015"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Corroded Microstructures","volume-title":"Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic\nMetals","author":"Scott","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Corrosion and\nEnvironment","volume-title":"Copper and Bronze in Art","author":"Scott","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-938X(98)00096-1","article-title":"Morphology and Mechanisms of Formation\nof. Natural Patinas on Archaeological Cu-Sn alloys","volume":"40","author":"Robbiola","year":"1998","journal-title":"Corr. Sci."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.4037","article-title":"The characterization\nof Sn-based corrosion products\nin ancient bronzes: a Raman approach","volume":"43","author":"Ospitali","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Raman\nSpectrosc."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2005.11.001","article-title":"A global approach to\nthe authentication of ancient\nbronzes based on the characterization of the alloy-patina-environment\nsystem","volume":"7","author":"Robbiola","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2016.04.007","article-title":"X-ray fluorescence\nspectroscopy and Monte Carlo characterization of a unique nuragic\nartifact (Sardinia, Italy)","volume":"121","author":"Brunetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta,\nPart B"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.06.067","article-title":"On the degradation factors of an\narchaeological bronze\nbowl belonging to a private collection","volume":"313","author":"Soffritti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl.\nSurf. Sci."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2015.11.044","article-title":"Fabrication,\nmicrostructure and corrosive\nbehavior of different metallographic tin-leaded bronze alloys part\nII: Chemical corrosive behavior and patina of tin-leaded bronze alloys","volume":"169","author":"Kareem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2014.06.033","article-title":"Corrosion\nbehavior of leaded-bronze\nalloys in sea water","volume":"147","author":"Zohdy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-006-3534-z","article-title":"Uncommon Corrosion\nPhenomena of Archaeological Bronze Alloys","volume":"83","author":"Ingo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl.\nPhys. A"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bronze Objects\nfrom Lake Sites: From Patina to \u201cBiography\u201d","volume-title":"Ancient & Historic Metals: Conservation and Scientific\nResearch","author":"Schweizer","year":"1994"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-015-9351-5","article-title":"Characterisation of corrosion layers formed under burial environment\nof copper-based Greek and Roman coins from Pompeii","volume":"121","author":"Pronti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1826.0007","article-title":"Observations\non the changes which have taken place in some ancient alloys of copper","volume":"116","author":"Davy","year":"1826","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit14","first-page":"131","article-title":"Etude sur\nles metaux qui composent les objets de cuivre de bronze, d\u2019e\u0301tain,\nd\u2019or, et d\u2019argent, de\u0301couverts dans les fouilles\nde Dahchour, on provenant du Muse\u0301e de Gizeh","volume-title":"Fouilles a\u0300 Dahchour","author":"Berthelot","year":"1895"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13356","article-title":"High spatial\ndynamics-photoluminescence imaging reveals the metallurgy of the earliest\nlost-wax cast object","volume":"7","author":"Thoury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1021\/ar300232e","article-title":"Ancient Mercury-Based Plating Methods: combined use\nof surface analytical techniques for the study of manufacturing process\nand degradation phenomena","volume":"46","author":"Ingo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-006-3533-0","article-title":"Combined use of SEM-EDS, OM and XRD\nfor the characterisation of corrosion products grown on silver Roman\ncoins","volume":"83","author":"Ingo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4403(79)90018-9","article-title":"The effect\nof soil conditions on the long-term corrosion of buried tin-bronzes\nand copper","volume":"6","author":"Tylecote","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4754.2011.00607.x","article-title":"A case study of arthropods\npreserved\non archaeological bronzes-micro-archaeological investigation helps\nreconstructing past environments","volume":"53","author":"Robbiola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archaeometry"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JB012557","article-title":"Tiber delta CO2-CH4 degassing:\nA possible hybrid, tectonically active Sediment-Hosted Geothermal\nSystem near Rome","volume":"121","author":"Ciotoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s100640000051","article-title":"A geological\nmodel\nof the buried Tiber River valley beneath the historical centre of\nRome","volume":"59","author":"Bozzano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2013.05.002","article-title":"Chronostratigraphic and lithologic\nfeatures of the Tiber River sediments (Rome, Italy): Implications\non the post-glacial sea-level rise and Holocene climate","volume":"107","author":"Marra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Planetary Change"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JB004873","article-title":"Static\nand dynamic characterization\nof alluvial deposits in the Tiber River Valley: New data for assessing\npotential ground motion in the City of Rome","volume":"113","author":"Bozzano","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4754.1986.tb00383.x","article-title":"Tin rich\nsurfaces on bronze-some experimental and archaeological considerations","volume":"28","author":"Meeks","year":"1986","journal-title":"Archaeometry"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robbiola, L.; Fiaud, C.; Harch, A. In  Characterisation\nof Passive Layers of\nBronze Patinas (Cu-Sn Alloys) in Relation with the Tin Content of\nthe Alloy, Proceedings of the European Symposium on Modifications\nof Passive Films; Marcus, P., Baroux, B., Keddam, M.,\nEds.; The Institute of Materials, 1994; Book No. 577, paper no. 26, pp 150\u2013154.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003422037-28"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-938X(92)90066-C","article-title":"Electrochemical and\nXPS studies on lacquer-low tinplated steel adhesion","volume":"33","author":"Ingo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-004-2533-1","article-title":"Combined use\nof GDOES, SEM + EDS, XRD and OM for the microchemical study of the\ncorrosion products on archaeological bronzes","volume":"79","author":"Ingo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02872905","article-title":"The Cu-Pb (Copper-Lead)","volume":"5","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bull.\nAlloy Phase Diagrams"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-61736-2_10","article-title":"Formation and\nStability of Base Metal Phosphates in Soils and Sediments","volume-title":"Phosphate Minerals","author":"Nriagu","year":"1984"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3853\/j.0067-1975.53.2001.1323","article-title":"Formation\nof chrysocolla and secondary\ncopper phosphates in the highly weathered supergene zones of some\nAustralian deposits","volume":"53","author":"Crane","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rec. Aust. Mus."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.39.100185.001211","article-title":"Sulphate-reducing\nbacteria and anaerobic corrosion","volume":"39","author":"Hamilton","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annu. Rev.\nMicrobiol."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.2307\/3180046","article-title":"The use of mineralogical\ndata in interpretation of\nlong-term microbiological corrosion processes: sulfiding reactions","volume":"38","author":"McNeil","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Inst. Conserv."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/00393630.2016.1264179","article-title":"The occurrence of\nbrochantite on archaeological bronzes:\na case study from Lofke\u0308nd, Albania","volume":"63","author":"Muros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stud.\nConserv."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit34","volume-title":"Later Chinese Bronzes,\nFar Eastern Series, Bamboo Publishing Ltd in Association with Victoria\nand Albert Museum","author":"Kerr","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-010-5655-7","article-title":"Micro-chemical\nand micro-structural investigation of the corrosion products on the\nDancing Satyr (Mazara del Vallo, Sicily, Italy","volume":"100","author":"Ingo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4403(76)90079-0","article-title":"The composition\nof the copper alloys used by the Greek, Etruscan and Roman civilizations\n1. The Greeks before the archaic period","volume":"3","author":"Craddock","year":"1976","journal-title":"J.\nArchaeol. Sci."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4403(77)90058-9","article-title":"The composition\nof the copper alloys used by the Greek, Etruscan and Roman civilizations\n2. The archaic, classical and hellenistic Greeks","volume":"4","author":"Craddock","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4403(78)90015-8","article-title":"The composition\nof the copper alloys used by the Greek, Etruscan and Roman civilizations\n3. The origins and early use of brass","volume":"5","author":"Craddock","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Archaeol.\nSci."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit39","unstructured":"Mudronja, D.\n           private communication."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2009.12.043","article-title":"Croatian\nAppoxiomenos alloy composition and lead provenance study","volume":"37","author":"Mudronja","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.24.040184.002441","article-title":"Mechanisms\nof action of vanadium","volume":"24","author":"Necay","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol.\nToxicol."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.2307\/1540683","article-title":"The blood of Ascidia\nNigra: blood cell frequency distribution, morphology, and the distribution\nand valence of vanadium in living blood cells","volume":"150","author":"Kustin","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0065-2881(08)60341-7","article-title":"The biology\nof ascidians","volume":"9","author":"Millar","year":"1971","journal-title":"Adv. Mar. Biol."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(86)90248-6","article-title":"Vanadium\nin ancient sedimentary rocks\nof marine origin","volume":"50","author":"Premovic\u0301","year":"1986","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1021\/np50044a001","article-title":"Isolation of tunichrome B-1, a reducing\nblood pigment\nof the sea squirt Ascidia nigra","volume":"49","author":"Bruening","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8651","DOI":"10.1021\/bi952151y","article-title":"Reactions\nbetween vanadium ions and biogenic reductants of tunicates: spectroscopic\nprobing for complexation and redox products in vitro","volume":"35","author":"Ryan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.199200521","article-title":"Structure\nof the tunichrome of tunicates and its role in concentrating vanadium","volume":"31","author":"Bayer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1975.20.3.0491","article-title":"Extraction of vanadium(V)\nfrom seawater by tunicates: A revision of concepts","volume":"20","author":"McLeod","year":"1975","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit49","first-page":"411","volume-title":"Textiles and Other Mineralized\nOrganic Remains in the Excavation of the Prehistoric Burial Tumulus\nat Lofke\u0308nd, Albania","author":"Muros","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.1311","article-title":"Contribution of surface analytical techniques for the microchemical\nstudy of archaeological artefacts","volume":"34","author":"Ingo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Surf. Interface\nAnal."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2013.12.028","article-title":"Characterization\nand degradation of poly(vinil acetate)-based\nadhesives for canvas paintings","volume":"107","author":"Chelazzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad.\nStab."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2016.03.038","article-title":"Calcium hydroxide\nnanoparticles from solvothermal reaction\nfor the acidification of degraded waterlogged wood","volume":"473","author":"Poggi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"2026090209244928900_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-015-9364-0","article-title":"Organogel\nformulations for the cleaning of easel paintings","volume":"121","author":"Baglioni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.9b00569","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/4\/6\/11103\/67763792\/acsomega.9b00569.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/4\/6\/11103\/67763792\/acsomega.9b00569.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T13:25:00Z","timestamp":1788355500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/4\/6\/11103\/612147\/Rebuilding-of-the-Burial-Environment-from-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.9b00569","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]}}}