{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:07:46Z","timestamp":1789477666759,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"26","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000928","name":"Welch Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AX-1857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AX-1857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Margaret Batts Tobin Foundation, San Antonio"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Many antibiotic resistances to penicillin have been reported, making them obsolete against multiresistant bacteria. Because penicillins act by inhibiting cell wall production while silver particles disrupt the cell wall directly, a synergetic effect is anticipated when both modes of action are incorporated into a chimera cluster. To test this hypothesis, the lipoate ligands (LA) of a silver cluster (Ag29) of known composition (Ag29LA12)[3\u2212] were covalently conjugated to 6-aminopenicillanic acid, a molecule with a \u03b2-lactam backbone. Indeed, the partially conjugated cluster inhibited an Staphylococcus aureus biofilm, in a dose\u2013response manner, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration IC50 of 2.3 \u03bcM, an improvement over 60 times relative to the unconjugated cluster (IC50 = 140 \u03bcM). An enhancement of several orders of magnitude over 6-APA alone (unconjugated) was calculated (IC50 = 10\u202f000 \u03bcM). Cell wall damage is documented via scanning electron microscopy. A synergistic effect of the conjugate was calculated by the combination index method described by Chou\u2013Talalay. This hybrid nanoantibiotic opens a new front against multidrug-resistant pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b02908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T10:36:39Z","timestamp":1576233399000},"page":"21914-21920","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Activating a Silver\nLipoate Nanocluster with a Penicillin\nBackbone Induces a Synergistic Effect against\n                    <i>S. aureus<\/i>\n                    Biofilm"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4854-9839","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Humberto H.","family":"Lara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas , , , ,","place":["San Antonio, Texas, United States, 78249"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2757-447X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David M.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas , , , ,","place":["San Antonio, Texas, United States, 78249"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Los Angeles City College , , 855 N Vermont Ave , , ,","place":["Los Angeles, California, United States, 90029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Orr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Los Angeles City College , , 855 N Vermont Ave , , ,","place":["Los Angeles, California, United States, 90029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscilla","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas , , , ,","place":["San Antonio, Texas, United States, 78249"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6551-8861","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcos M.","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Los Angeles City College , , 855 N Vermont Ave , , ,","place":["Los Angeles, California, United States, 90029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glen","family":"Baghdasarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Los Angeles City College , , 855 N Vermont Ave , , ,","place":["Los Angeles, California, United States, 90029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Lopez-Ribot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas , , , ,","place":["San Antonio, Texas, United States, 78249"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9838-6823","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert L.","family":"Whetten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Arizona University , , , ,","place":["Flagstaff, Arizona, United States, 86011"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091508275290600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00134-14","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Infections: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology,\nClinical Manifestations, and Management","volume":"28","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin.\nMicrobiol. 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