{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T13:22:46Z","timestamp":1788355366704,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"VINATOM","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(code DTCB.10\/20\/VCNXH)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(code DTCB.10\/20\/VCNXH)."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rare-earth (RE) phosphates often appear as an accessory phase in igneous or metamorphic rocks; however, these rocks are composed of myriad chemical elements and nuclides that interfere with the qualitative or quantitative analyses of the RE phosphates over a range of concentrations in the absence of a pretreatment. In addition, the limit of each analytical methodology constrains the approach as well as the usefulness of the results in geoscience applications. Here, we report the specific mineral characterization of RE-containing ores from Yen Phu mine, Vietnam, using a range of state-of-the-art spectroscopic techniques in conjunction with microscopy: Mo\u0308ssbauer spectroscopy, infrared microspectroscopy, time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Because the distribution of each element in the deposit differs, such combinatorial works are necessary and could lead to more plausible answers to questions surrounding the point of origin of RE elements. The results of our Mo\u0308ssbauer spectroscopic analysis indicate that the three ores sampled at different locations all contain magnetite-like, hematite-like, and iron(III) salts other than hematite. In addition, we confirmed the presence of phosphate around the grain boundary in the magnetite-like mineral phase by infrared microspectroscopic analysis. The present analytical findings of trace amounts of europium(III) using TRLFS suggest that the europium ions generate identical luminescence spectra despite being embedded in three different matrices of iron minerals. This demonstration highlights the benefits of combinatorial spectroscopic analyses to gain insights into the effects of the environment of REs on their solid-state chemistry and shows the potential utility of TRLFS as a resource mining tool. Further applications of this approach in the analytical screening of rocks and minerals are feasible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b03247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T09:40:21Z","timestamp":1585561221000},"page":"7096-7105","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Spectroscopic Studies of Mo\u0308ssbauer, Infrared,\nand Laser-Induced Luminescence for Classifying Rare-Earth Minerals\nEnriched in Iron-Rich Deposits"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0913-2742","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Noboru","family":"Aoyagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) , , 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai-mura Naka-gun , ,","place":["Ibaraki, Japan, 319-1195"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thuy T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VINATOM-MOST , , 48 Lang Ha, Dong Da , ,","place":["Hanoi, Vietnam, 94027"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9149-0185","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuta","family":"Kumagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JAEA , , 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai-mura Naka-gun , ,","place":["Ibaraki, Japan, 319-1195"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tung V.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VINATOM-MOST , , 48 Lang Ha, Dong Da , ,","place":["Hanoi, Vietnam, 94027"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masami","family":"Nakada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JAEA , , 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai-mura Naka-gun , ,","place":["Ibaraki, Japan, 319-1195"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukari","family":"Segawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JAEA , , 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai-mura Naka-gun , ,","place":["Ibaraki, Japan, 319-1195"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VINATOM-MOST , , 48 Lang Ha, Dong Da , ,","place":["Hanoi, Vietnam, 94027"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thuan","family":"Ba Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VINATOM-MOST , , 48 Lang Ha, Dong Da , ,","place":["Hanoi, Vietnam, 94027"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00371439","article-title":"Monazite solubility\nand dissolution kinetics: implications\nfor the thorium and light rare earth chemistry of felsic magmas","volume":"94","author":"Rapp","year":"1986","journal-title":"Contrib. 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Mineral."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18000","DOI":"10.1021\/jp5051996","article-title":"X-ray Spectroscopic\nStudy of the\nElectronic Structure of Monazite- and Xenotime-Type Rare-Earth Phosphates","volume":"118","author":"Rafiuddin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.2138\/am-1997-7-816","article-title":"Monazite-xenotime thermobarometry:\nExperimental calibration\nof the miscibility gap in the binary system CePO4\u2013YPO4","volume":"82","author":"Gratz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. Mineral."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2015.09.001","article-title":"Laser-induced REE3+ photoluminescence\nof selected accessory minerals \u2500 An \u201cadvantageous artefact\u201d\nin Raman spectroscopy","volume":"415","author":"Lenz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00710-013-0286-2","article-title":"Factors affecting the Nd3+ (REE3+) luminescence of minerals","volume":"107","author":"Lenz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mineral. Petrol."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-3928.2006.tb00282.x","article-title":"Fractionated Ilmenite-series\nGranites in Southwest\nJapan: Source Magma for REE\u2013Sn\u2013W Mineralizations","volume":"56","author":"Ishihara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Resour. Geol."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-4937(90)90040-8","article-title":"The Bayan\nObo iron\u2013rare\u2013earth\u2013niobium\ndeposits, Inner Mongolia, China","volume":"26","author":"Drew","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lithos"},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.2343\/geochemj.2.0393","article-title":"Transfer of rare earth elements (REE)\nfrom manganese\noxides to phosphates during early diagenesis in pelagic sediments\ninferred from REE patterns, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and chemical\nleaching method","volume":"49","author":"Takahashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geochem. 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Jpn."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2012.01.060","article-title":"Surface speciation\nof Eu3+ adsorbed on kaolinite by time-resolved laser fluorescence\nspectroscopy\n(TRLFS) and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC)","volume":"374","author":"Ishida","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118688304.ch10","article-title":"Judd-Ofelt Theory\n\u2500 The Golden (and the Only\nOne) Theoretical Tool of f-Electron Spectroscopy.","volume-title":"Computational Methods in Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry","author":"Smentek","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20277","DOI":"10.1021\/jp063075j","article-title":"Judd\u2013Ofelt\nIntensity Parameters and Spectral\nProperties of Gd2O3:Eu3+ Nanocrystals","volume":"110","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12615","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9049507","article-title":"Theoretical\nStudy on the f\u2013f Transition Intensities\nof Lanthanide Trihalide Systems","volume":"113","author":"Hatanaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. 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Geol."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2007.02.004","article-title":"Rare earth element\ngeochemistry of Lake Baikal sediment: its implication\nfor geochemical response to climate change during the Last Glacial\/Interglacial\ntransition","volume":"26","author":"Tanaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. 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Asian Earth Sci."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006tc001972","article-title":"Structure\nand shearing conditions in the Day Nui Con Voi massif: Implications\nfor the evolution of the Red River shear zone in northern Vietnam","volume":"26","author":"Anczkiewicz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2019.105195","article-title":"Optimization of sulfuric acid leaching of a Vietnamese\nrare earth concentrate","volume":"191","author":"Hung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseaes.2014.04.001","article-title":"Backarc mafic\u2013ultramafic\nmagmatism\nin Northeastern Vietnam and its regional tectonic significance","volume":"90","author":"Thanh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Asian Earth Sci."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1144\/0016-76492005-144","article-title":"Role of\nthe Red River Shear zone, Yunnan and Vietnam, in the continental extrusion\nof SE Asia","volume":"163","author":"Searle","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geol. Soc."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseaes.2005.06.009","article-title":"Carbonatites in China: A review","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Asian Earth Sci."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit41","unstructured":"Thuan, L. B.; Trung, P. Q.; Lai, V. L.; Ha, T. N.; Chung, N. T.; Hung, N. T.; Bang, L. T.; Thuy, N. T. T.; Dinh, L. X.; Anli, N. Q.; Linh, V. H.\n          Study on Yen Phu rare\nearth ore concentrate treatment technology and separation of major\nheavy rare earth elements by solvent extraction method. Annual\nReport 2001-2002, VAEC2002, 2002;  Vol. 45,  pp 259\u2013271."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-7037(02)01083-9","article-title":"Iron oxidation state\nof a 2.45-Byr-old paleosol developed on mafic volcanics","volume":"67","author":"Utsunomiya","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2017.10.050","article-title":"Reaction of hydrogen\nperoxide with\nuranium zirconium oxide solid solution \u2013 Zirconium hinders\noxidative uranium dissolution","volume":"497","author":"Kumagai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnucmat.2015.04.043","article-title":"Thermal conductivity\nof U\u201320wt.%Pu\u20132wt.%Am\u201310wt.%Zr alloy","volume":"464","author":"Nishi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Mater."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2010.0166","article-title":"Applications of\nTime-Resolved Laser Fluorescence Spectroscopy\nto the Environmental Biogeochemistry of Actinides","volume":"40","author":"Collins","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5055","DOI":"10.1021\/es9036995","article-title":"Application\nof Parallel Factor Analysis for Time-Resolved\nLaser Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Implication for Metal Speciation\nStudy","volume":"44","author":"Saito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2012.04.023","article-title":"Speciation\nof Eu3+ bound to humic substances by time-resolved laser\nfluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC)","volume":"88","author":"Lukman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1080\/00223131.2015.1066719","article-title":"Sorption of\nEu3+ on Na-montmorillonite studied by time-resolved laser\nfluorescence\nspectroscopy and surface complexation modeling AU - Sasaki, Takayuki","volume":"53","author":"Sasaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2012.10.035","article-title":"50th anniversary\nof the Judd\u2013Ofelt\ntheory: An experimentalist\u2019s view of the formalism and its\napplication","volume":"136","author":"Hehlen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2018.09.048","article-title":"JOES: An\napplication software for Judd-Ofelt analysis from Eu3+ emission\nspectra","volume":"205","author":"Ciric","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1103\/physrev.127.750","article-title":"Optical\nAbsorption Intensities of Rare-Earth Ions","volume":"127","author":"Judd","year":"1962","journal-title":"Phys.\nRev."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1701366","article-title":"Intensities\nof Crystal Spectra of Rare-Earth Ions Earth Ions","volume":"37","author":"Ofelt","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026090209112406700_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470166246.ch1","article-title":"Aspects\nof the Stereochemistry of Six-Coordination","author":"Kepert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Inorg. 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