{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T13:20:40Z","timestamp":1788355240433,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009229","name":"American University in Cairo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Unlike the easy electroless deposition of other metals, the deposition of aluminum can be challenging. This is because the standard reduction potential of aluminum lies outside the electrochemical window (EW) of water. Ionic liquids such as AlCl3-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIC) have been used because of their wide EW. Here, we introduce a novel ionic liquid for electroless deposition of aluminum by reacting AlCl3 and urea, with lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) as a reducing agent. Additionally, we report the first successful effort in coating carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as an example of nanostructures with high surface area to volume ratio, with aluminum using electroless deposition. The produced aluminum coating was found to be nanostructured, uniformly covering the CNTs and in close contact with their surfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b03805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T08:07:45Z","timestamp":1583827665000},"page":"5756-5761","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Development of an AlCl3-Urea Ionic\nLiquid for the Electroless Deposition of Aluminum on Carbon Nanotubes"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Elsharkawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The American University in Cairo , , AUC Avenue, P.O. Box 74 , ,","place":["New Cairo, Egypt, 11835"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9515-400X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amal M. K.","family":"Esawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The American University in Cairo , , AUC Avenue, P.O. Box 74 , ,","place":["New Cairo, Egypt, 11835"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2014.09.003","article-title":"30 Years of\nElectroless Plating for Semiconductor and Polymer Micro-Systems","volume":"132","author":"Shacham-Diamand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72853-7_3","article-title":"Development\nof an Electroless Plating Process for Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes\n(MWCNTs) to Improve Their Dispersion and Wettability in Molten Aluminum","volume-title":"Metal\u2013Matrix Composites Innovations, Advances\nand Applications","author":"Elsharkawi","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit3","first-page":"35","article-title":"Electroless Nickel Plated Composite Textile Materials\nfor Electromagnet Compatibility","volume":"36","author":"Perumalraj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Fibre\nText. Res."},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit4","volume-title":"Electroless Plating:\nFundamentals and Applications","author":"Mallory","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2012.09.051","article-title":"Fabrication\nof Metal Coated Carbon Nanotubes by Electroless Deposition for Improved\nWettability with Molten Aluminum","volume":"212","author":"Arai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surf. Coat.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.6117\/kmeps.2016.23.4.001","article-title":"Recent\nProgress in Electroless Plating\nof Copper","volume":"23","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Microelectron. Packag. Soc."},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-006-0216-x","article-title":"Catalytic\nEffect of Pd Nanoparticles\non Electroless Copper Deposition","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Solid State\nElectrochem."},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D172","DOI":"10.1149\/1.3536543","article-title":"The Evolution of\nPd\/Sn Catalytic Surfaces in Electroless Copper Deposition","volume":"158","author":"Cui","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L501","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.36.L501","article-title":"Coating of Carbon Nanotube\nwith Nickel by Electroless Plating Method","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"1997","journal-title":"Jpn.\nJ. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6223(99)00112-8","article-title":"Decoration of\nActivated Carbon Nanotubes with Copper\nand Nickel","volume":"38","author":"Ang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-015-9367-7","article-title":"Electroless\nNickel Plating \u2013 A Review","volume":"8","author":"Loto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Silicon"},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit12","unstructured":"Martin, J. H.; Kolodziejska, J. A.; Vajo, J. J.; Graetz, J. A.; Roper, C. S.\n          Method of Electroless\nDeposition of Aluminum or Aluminum Alloy, An Electroless Plating Composition,\nand An Article Including the Same. U.S. Patent US9803283B12017."},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2009.05.052","article-title":"Electroless\nPlating of Aluminum Using Diisobutyl Aluminum Hydride as Liquid Reducing\nAgent in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid","volume":"54","author":"Shitanda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electrochim.\nActa"},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D155","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2817880","article-title":"Electroless Plating of Aluminum from\na Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid Electrolyte","volume":"155","author":"Koura","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.11698","article-title":"A Promising Method for Electrodeposition\nof Aluminium on Stainless\nSteel in Ionic Liquid","volume":"55","author":"Yue","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2005.10.046","article-title":"Electrodeposition\nof Aluminium from Ionic Liquids: Part I\u2500Electrodeposition and\nSurface Morphology of Aluminium from Aluminium Chloride (AlCl3)\u20131-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium\nChloride ([EMIm]Cl) Ionic Liquids","volume":"201","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surf. Coat.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit17","volume-title":"Electrodeposition\nof Aluminium in Different Air and Water Stable Ionic Liquids","author":"Moustafa","year":"2007","edition":"1"},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.5539\/ep.v3n4p59","article-title":"Electrodeposition\nof Aluminum on Cathodes in Ionic Liquid Based Choline Chloride\/Urea\/AlCl3","volume":"3","author":"Huynh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2010.05.034","article-title":"Electrodeposition\nof nanocrystalline aluminium from a chloroaluminate ionic liquid","volume":"12","author":"Zein El Abedin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electrochem. 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Chem."},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2011.01.061","article-title":"Improving\nthe Wettability of Aluminum\non Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"59","author":"So","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1126\/science.265.5180.1850","article-title":"Capillarity and Wetting\nof Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"265","author":"Dujardin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2005.01.072","article-title":"Direct\nMeasurement of Multiwall Nanotube\nSurface Tension","volume":"404","author":"Nuriel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017988223416","article-title":"Surface Tension of\nPure Aluminum in Argon\/Hydrogen and Nitrogen\/Hydrogen\nAtmospheres at High Temperatures","volume":"21","author":"Saravanan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mater.\nSci. Lett."},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1021\/cm990078i","article-title":"Electroless Plating\nof Metals onto Carbon Nanotubes\nActivated by a Single-Step Activation Method","volume":"11","author":"Ang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3241","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JMSC.0000025869.05546.94","article-title":"Electroless Plating\nof Carbon Nanotubes with Silver","volume":"39","author":"Feng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yung, K. P.; Wei, J.; Tay, B. K. In  Electroless Plating\nof Nickel on Carbon Nanotubes Film. IEEE 7th Electronic Packaging\nTechnology Conference, Singapore, 2005, Vol. 2; pp 636\u2013638.","DOI":"10.1109\/EPTC.2005.1614479"},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit30","first-page":"263","article-title":"Enhanced Wettability\nby Copper Electroless Coating of Carbon Nanotubes","volume-title":"Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings","author":"Probst","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/60\/1\/012040","article-title":"Synthesis of Copper\nCoated Carbon Nanotubes for Aluminium Matrix Composites","volume":"60","author":"Maqbool","year":"2014","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. 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Soc."},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2017.04.002","article-title":"Preparation and Properties of Dual-Matrix\nCarbon Nanotube-Reinforced Aluminum Composites","volume":"99","author":"Salama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Composites, Part A"},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CC09825H","article-title":"A Rechargeable\nAl-Ion Battery: Al\/Molten AlCl 3 \u2212Urea\/Graphite","volume":"53","author":"Jiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1619795114","article-title":"High Coulombic\nEfficiency Aluminum-Ion\nBattery Using an AlCl3 -Urea Ionic Liquid Analog Electrolyte","volume":"114","author":"Angell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026090208530914500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2119562","article-title":"Behavior\nof Pd\/Sn and Pd Catalysts for Electroless Plating on Different Substrates\nInvestigated by Means of Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy","volume":"130","author":"Svendsen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."}],"container-title":["ACS Omega"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsomega.9b03805","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/5\/11\/5756\/67751260\/acsomega.9b03805.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article-pdf\/5\/11\/5756\/67751260\/acsomega.9b03805.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:53:13Z","timestamp":1788353593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/acsodf\/article\/5\/11\/5756\/1400434\/Development-of-an-AlCl3-Urea-Ionic-Liquid-for-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.9b03805","relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-1343"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-1343","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]]}}}