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Yet this extreme localization also amplifies unwanted \u201cnoise\u201d from local nanomorphological variations, resulting in spectral complexities and inconsistencies that have long hindered reproducible and scalable nanophotonics. In this context, optical identification and screening of nanostructures with consistent, target responses offers a practical strategy. However, conventional imaging and spectroscopies, including hyperspectral methods, are limited by a resolution\u2013throughput trade-off, motivating the development of faster, high-precision approaches. Here, we introduce SPARX, a deep-learning (DL)-powered paradigm that surpasses conventional imaging and spectroscopic capabilities. SPARX batch-classifies the nanoparticles by their shapes, and extrapolates broadband dark-field spectra (500\u20131000 nm) of numerous nanoparticles simultaneously from an information-limited RGB image (&amp;lt;700 nm) by learning physical relationships among multiple orders of resonances. Predictions take only milliseconds, achieving a speed-up of 2\u20134 orders of magnitude over traditional methods, while maintaining comparable precision. This transformative, imaging-DL integrated approach enables reproducible nanoplasmonic applications and, more importantly, fundamentally reshapes optical characterization workflows and extends their reach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.5c02828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:13:30Z","timestamp":1777382010000},"page":"4434-4448","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Seeing Beyond\nRGB Capabilities: Data-Driven and Physics-Guided\nBroadband Spectral Extrapolation of Plasmonic Nanostructures by Deep\nLearning"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mohammadrahim","family":"Kazemzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , , via Barsanti 14 , ,","place":["Arnesano, Italy, 73010"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Banghuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihe","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaowei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Zhengzhou, China, 450046"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Zhengzhou, China, 450046"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2940-7336","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaobo","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Zhengzhou, China, 450046"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Shenzhen, China, 518055"]},{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast , , , ,","place":["Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K., BT9 5BN"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4633-1898","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"A\u0301lvarez-Pe\u0301rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , , via Barsanti 14 , ,","place":["Arnesano, Italy, 73010"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1489-7758","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ferruccio","family":"Pisanello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , , via Barsanti 14 , ,","place":["Arnesano, Italy, 73010"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8284-9494","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Huatian","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , , via Barsanti 14 , ,","place":["Arnesano, Italy, 73010"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7054-1131","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]},{"name":"Henan Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Zhengzhou, China, 450046"]},{"name":"Henan Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Zhengzhou, China, 450046"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4357","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.83.4357","article-title":"Spectroscopy\nof Single Hemoglobin Molecules by Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering","volume":"83","author":"Xu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. 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Mater."},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah5243","article-title":"Single-Molecule\nOptomechanics in \u201cPicocavities","volume":"354","author":"Benz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1224823","article-title":"Probing the\nultimate limits of plasmonic enhancement","volume":"337","author":"Ciraci\u0300","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.228","article-title":"Probing\nthe Mechanisms of Large Purcell Enhancement in Plasmonic Nanoantennas","volume":"8","author":"Akselrod","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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Commun."},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abk3106","article-title":"Continuous-Wave Frequency Upconversion\nwith a Molecular Optomechanical Nanocavity","volume":"374","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10802","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5c01999","article-title":"The electric field\nmorphology of plasmonic picocavities","volume":"25","author":"Giovannini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202405186","article-title":"Boosting Light-Matter\nInteractions in Plasmonic Nanogaps","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. 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Lett."},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.9b01445","article-title":"Plasmonic Nanocavity Modes: From\nNear-Field to Far-Field Radiation","volume":"7","author":"Kongsuwan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7295","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.6b02401","article-title":"Hyperspectral\nDark Field Optical\nMicroscopy of Single Silver Nanospheres","volume":"120","author":"El-Khoury","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\nPhys. Chem. C"},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11020243","article-title":"Hyperspectral-Enhanced\nDark Field Microscopy for Single and Collective Nanoparticle Characterization\nin Biological Environments","volume":"11","author":"Zamora-Perez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3195","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.386338","article-title":"Hyperspectral\nand Multispectral Imaging in Digital and Computational Pathology:\nA Systematic Review [Invited]","volume":"11","author":"Ortega","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145478","article-title":"Dark-Field\/Hyperspectral Microscopy\nfor Detecting Nanoscale Particles in Environmental Nanotoxicology\nResearch","volume":"772","author":"Fakhrullin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1661","article-title":"Dark-Field Hyperspectral Imaging\nfor Label Free Detection\nof Nano-Bio-Materials","volume":"13","author":"Mehta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.:Nanomed.\nNanobiotechnol."},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08109-1","article-title":"A Broadband Hyperspectral\nImage Sensor with High Spatio-Temporal Resolution","volume":"635","author":"Bian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2017.82","article-title":"Compressive Hyperspectral Time-Resolved\nWide-Field Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging","volume":"11","author":"Pian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat.\nPhotonics"},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.1c08359","article-title":"Compressive Hyperspectral Microscopy of Scattering\nand Fluorescence of Nanoparticles","volume":"126","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys.\nChem. 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C"},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43593-025-00085-x","article-title":"Intelligent nanophotonics:\nwhen machine learning sheds light","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"eLight"},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adx2299","article-title":"Accelerated\ndesign of gold nanoparticles with enhanced plasmonic performance","volume":"11","author":"Montan\u0303o-Priede","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. 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Appl."},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6570","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b03171","article-title":"Generative\nmodel for\nthe inverse design of metasurfaces","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3196","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.9b00966","article-title":"A Deep Learning\nApproach for Objective-Driven\nAll-Dielectric Metasurface Design","volume":"6","author":"An","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201900128","article-title":"Deep learning:\na rapid and efficient route to automatic\nmetasurface design","volume":"6","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. 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Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5913","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5c00244","article-title":"Machine learning\nto\nadaptively predict gold nanorod sizes on different substrates","volume":"129","author":"Shiratori","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.0c01252","article-title":"Single-nanoparticle orientation sensing\nby deep learning","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44864-5","article-title":"Noise Learning of Instruments\nfor High-Contrast, High-Resolution and Fast Hyperspectral Microscopy\nand Nanoscopy","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21251","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c05510","article-title":"Identifying surface-enhanced raman\nspectra with a raman library using machine learning","volume":"17","author":"Ju","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4220","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.522376","article-title":"Deep autoencoder as an interpretable tool for Raman\nspectroscopy investigation of chemical and extracellular vesicle mixtures.\nBiomedical","volume":"15","author":"Kazemzadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"2026081910072153600_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12907","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c03082","article-title":"Cascaded\ndeep convolutional neural networks as improved\nmethods of preprocessing raman spectroscopy data","volume":"94","author":"Kazemzadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. 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