{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T15:09:19Z","timestamp":1785942559757,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014132","name":"European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20FUN07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20FUN07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014132","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019188","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Excellent Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101096909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101096909"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019188","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Excellent Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101139134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101139134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019188","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Excellent Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["899558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["899558"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Next-generation superconducting quantum computers face scalability limitations due to the increasing number of required interconnects from room temperature into the cryogenic environment. Scalability can be improved by transitioning to photonic links, and even further scaling can be obtained by employing wavelength multiplexing. This would allow to replace multiple RF cables by a single optical fiber. However, experimental demonstration of a cryogenic multichannel optical-to-microwave converter, required for demultiplexing incoming optical signals and performing conversion to microwave signals inside the cryostat, is still missing. Here, we demonstrate the first cryogenic eight-channel optical-to-microwave converter. It combines an arrayed waveguide grating in silicon photonics for wavelength demultiplexing with eight waveguide-integrated plasmonic graphene photodetectors. The device has a compact footprint of 1.75 mm \u00d7 0.71 mm, enabling scalable and dense integration. We characterized all eight channels at 4 K and found electrical crosstalk below 30 dB, high bandwidth &amp;gt;45 GHz, subnanoampere dark current, and 4\u20135\u00d7 increased responsivity compared to room temperature. Finally, as a proof of concept, we simultaneously transferred two RF signals modulated on two different optical carriers into the cryostat and achieved crosstalk isolation of &amp;gt;50 dB in the best case. Therefore, our device demonstrates the potential of wavelength-multiplexed photonic links for mitigating the cryogenic interconnect bottleneck.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.6c00869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T08:49:29Z","timestamp":1784105369000},"page":"4317-4324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cryogenic Wavelength-Multiplexed\nEight-Channel Optical-to-Microwave\nConverter"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1960-114X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dominik","family":"Bisang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich , , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, 8092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0291-2065","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stefan M.","family":"Koepfli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich , , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, 8092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Rieben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich , , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, 8092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewin","family":"Bormann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich , , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, 8092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0930-4604","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Moor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich , , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, 8092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4147-6051","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shadi","family":"Nashashibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich , , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, 8092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurenz","family":"Kulmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich , , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, 8092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Baumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich , , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, 8092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Homs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich , , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, 8092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuriy","family":"Fedoryshyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich , , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, 8092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juerg","family":"Leuthold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich , , ,","place":["Zurich, Switzerland, 8092"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7851","key":"2026080510122968500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03268-x","article-title":"Control and Readout of a Superconducting\nQubit Using a Photonic Link","volume":"591","author":"Lecocq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080510122968500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2023.3311806","article-title":"Scaling up Superconducting Quantum Computers With Cryogenic\nRF-Photonics","volume":"42","author":"Joshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"2026080510122968500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5853","DOI":"10.1364\/JLT.44.005853","article-title":"Ingress Cryogenic\nReceivers Toward Scalable Quantum Information Processing: Theory and\nSystem Analysis","volume":"44","author":"Succar","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026080510122968500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1140\/epjqt\/s40507-019-0072-0","article-title":"Engineering\nCryogenic Setups for 100-Qubit Scale Superconducting Circuit Systems","volume":"6","author":"Krinner","year":"2019","journal-title":"EPJ. Quantum Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080510122968500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3989","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.514909","article-title":"Optical Transmission of Microwave\nControl Signal towards Large-Scale Superconducting Quantum Computing","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. 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Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"2026080510122968500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1109\/CPEM.2014.6898361","article-title":"Photodiodes as\nCurrent Source\nin High-Frequency Low Temperature Applications","volume-title":"29th Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014)","author":"Gran","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026080510122968500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1051\/ijmqe\/2018015","article-title":"Evaluation\nof InGaAs\/InP Photodiode for High-Speed Operation at 4 K","volume":"9","author":"Bardalen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Metrol. Qual. 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Quantum"},{"key":"2026080510122968500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1109\/IMS40360.2025.11103848","article-title":"A Photonic Link at 4.7 K with\n&gt; 1 GHz Bandwidth Towards an Optical Quantum Computing Interface","volume-title":"2025 IEEE\/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium -\nIMS 2025","author":"Mutum","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026080510122968500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6c05931","article-title":"Ambient to Cryogenic High-Frequency\nResponse of Zero-Bias Graphene Photodetectors","author":"Koepfli","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. 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Lett."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026080510122968500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6023","DOI":"10.3390\/s23136023","article-title":"Temperature\nDependence of the Thermo-Optic Coefficient of SiO2 Glass","volume":"23","author":"Rego","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"2026080510122968500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2018.M2I.4","article-title":"Record High Bandwidth Integrated\nGraphene Photodetectors For Communication Beyond 180 Gb\/S","volume-title":"Optical Fiber Communication Conference","author":"Schall","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080510122968500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.8b01234","article-title":"Plasmonically Enhanced Graphene Photodetector\nFeaturing 100 Gbit\/s Data Reception, High Responsivity, and Compact\nSize","volume":"6","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080510122968500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2019-0167","article-title":"Ultra-Compact\nIntegrated Graphene\nPlasmonic Photodetector with Bandwidth above 110 GHz","volume":"9","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"issue":"6650","key":"2026080510122968500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adg8017","article-title":"Metamaterial Graphene Photodetector\nwith Bandwidth Exceeding 500 Gigahertz","volume":"380","author":"Koepfli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080510122968500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51599-w","article-title":"Controlling Photothermoelectric Directional Photocurrents\nin Graphene with over 400 GHz Bandwidth","volume":"15","author":"Koepfli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat.\nCommun."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080510122968500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1021\/nl2011388","article-title":"Intrinsic Response Time of Graphene\nPhotodetectors","volume":"11","author":"Urich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080510122968500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"027403","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.111.027403","article-title":"Direct View of Hot\nCarrier Dynamics\nin Graphene","volume":"111","author":"Johannsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026080510122968500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-022-01058-z","article-title":"Ultrafast Intrinsic\nOptical-to-Electrical Conversion\nDynamics in a Graphene Photodetector","volume":"16","author":"Yoshioka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080510122968500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-021-00551-4","article-title":"Silicon\/2D-Material Photodetectors: From near-Infrared\nto Mid-Infrared","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Light: Sci. Appl."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026080510122968500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-018-0040-9","article-title":"Graphene-Based Integrated Photonics for next-Generation\nDatacom and Telecom","volume":"3","author":"Romagnoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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Commun."},{"key":"2026080510122968500_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2025.Th3E.4","article-title":"Towards\n200 GBaud Line Rates with\nWaveguide-Integrated Plasmonic Graphene Photodetectors","volume-title":"2025 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition\n(OFC)","author":"Rieben","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026080510122968500_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ECOC66593.2025.11263306","article-title":"Integrated Eight-Channel\nWDM Receiver Utilizing Plasmonic Graphene Photodetectors Enabling\nLine Rates &gt; 800 Gbit\/s","volume-title":"2025 European\nConference on Optical Communications (ECOC)","author":"Bisang","year":"2025"},{"issue":"7779","key":"2026080510122968500_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1666-5","article-title":"Quantum Supremacy\nUsing a Programmable Superconducting Processor","volume":"574","author":"Arute","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080510122968500_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/s44286-025-00227-5","article-title":"Automated Processing\nand Transfer of Two-Dimensional Materials with Robotics","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Eng."}],"container-title":["ACS Photonics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsphotonics.6c00869","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/apchd5\/article-pdf\/13\/15\/4317\/65950232\/acsphotonics.6c00869.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/apchd5\/article-pdf\/13\/15\/4317\/65950232\/acsphotonics.6c00869.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T14:30:43Z","timestamp":1785940243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/apchd5\/article\/13\/15\/4317\/5210412\/Cryogenic-Wavelength-Multiplexed-Eight-Channel"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsphotonics.6c00869","relation":{},"ISSN":["2330-4022"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2330-4022","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]}}}