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The device is fabricated using an 8-in. Wafer-scale process flow, demonstrating the feasibility of scalable manufacturing for photonic integrated circuits (PICs). By employing adaptive voltage and transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) microheaters, reversible switching between the amorphous and crystalline states is achieved with an endurance exceeding 140 million switching cycles, establishing a new benchmark for nonvolatile integrated photonic memory and reconfigurable architectures. Furthermore, multilevel operation beyond 6 bits can be repeatably demonstrated by pulse-count-dependent gradual crystallization, enabling precise control of the optical phase. These results highlight a scalable and energy-efficient platform for high-density programmable and nonvolatile photonic integrated systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.6c01756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:28:30Z","timestamp":1790314110000},"page":"5894-5904","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["High-Endurance,\nLow-Loss Sb2Se3 Optical Switches on Silicon\nNitride Using Transparent Conductive\nHeaters"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3315-0342","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xingshi","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton , , University Road , , ,","place":["Southampton, Hampshire, U.K., SO17 1BJ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ipsita","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton , , University Road , , 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