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Nonetheless, further work is required to explore the grafting of N-containing molecules onto graphene to incorporate N atoms into its graphitic network, thereby harnessing a wide variety of available N-containing molecules. Here, the chemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO), using nitrogen-containing reducing agents such as ethylenediamine (EDA) and dimethylformamide (DMF), was explored to evaluate their effect on the surface composition of the obtained reduced graphene oxides (rGO). Afterward, an 800 \u00b0C thermal treatment was performed, and the samples were characterized before and after the thermal treatment, focusing on the nitrogen and oxygen functional groups present on the rGO. Several fingerprints were identified from the grafting of the EDA molecules functionalizing the rGO-EDA sample by XPS, FTIR, and UV\u2013visible spectroscopy measurements and by first-principles calculations. The 800 \u00b0C thermal treatment led to significant changes in the surface chemistry, incorporating nitrogen as a dopant into the rGO to imprint the obtained N-rGO sample with electrocatalytic properties (Oxygen Reduction Reaction activity). Therefore, the proposed approach opens the possibility to explore a myriad of N-containing molecules for N-doping of rGO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphyschemau.6c00049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T17:01:37Z","timestamp":1786035697000},"page":"1115-1130","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Two-Step Approach\nto Obtain Nitrogen-Doped Reduced\nGraphene Oxide Using Nitrogen-Containing Reducing Agents"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6409-8463","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlos","family":"Belman-Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional Auto\u0301noma de Me\u0301xico (CNyN-UNAM) , , Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada , , ,","place":["Ensenada, Baja California, Me\u0301xico, 22860"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6726-1569","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Ponce-Pe\u0301rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional Auto\u0301noma de Me\u0301xico (CNyN-UNAM) , , Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada , , ,","place":["Ensenada, Baja California, Me\u0301xico, 22860"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Ruiz-Marizcal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional Auto\u0301noma de Me\u0301xico (CNyN-UNAM) , , Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada , , ,","place":["Ensenada, Baja California, Me\u0301xico, 22860"]},{"name":"CICESE\/CNyN-UNAM , , Km 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada , , ,","place":["Ensenada, Baja California, Me\u0301xico, 22860"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Alonso-Nunez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional Auto\u0301noma de Me\u0301xico (CNyN-UNAM) , , Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada , , ,","place":["Ensenada, Baja California, Me\u0301xico, 22860"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4304-5279","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jose M.","family":"Romo-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional Auto\u0301noma de Me\u0301xico (CNyN-UNAM) , , Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada , , ,","place":["Ensenada, Baja California, Me\u0301xico, 22860"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026092310073557600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trechm.2024.02.002","article-title":"Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes for Multifunctional Applications","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Chem."},{"key":"2026092310073557600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202405664","article-title":"Recent Advances\non Carbon-Based Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for Energy and Chemical\nConversions","volume":"36","author":"Zhai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026092310073557600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201806128","article-title":"Carbon-Based\nMetal-Free Catalysts for Energy Storage and Environmental\nRemediation","volume":"31","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026092310073557600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202423960","article-title":"Multifunctional Carbon-Based\nMetal-Free Catalysts for Cascade Electrochemical-Chemical Coupling\nCatalyses","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026092310073557600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2017.12.006","article-title":"Nitrogen-Doped Graphene: Synthesis, Characterizations\nand Energy Applications","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092310073557600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37624","article-title":"Better Biocompatibility\nof Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Compared with Graphene Oxide by Reducing\nCell Autophagic Flux Blockage and Cell Apoptosis","volume":"112","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. 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Mater."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026092310073557600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200900166","article-title":"Evolution of Electrical, Chemical, and Structural Properties\nof Transparent and Conducting Chemically Derived Graphene Thin Films","volume":"19","author":"Mattevi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092310073557600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2008.09.045","article-title":"Chemical Analysis of Graphene Oxide\nFilms after Heat and Chemical Treatments by X-Ray Photoelectron and\nMicro-Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092310073557600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2009.58","article-title":"Chemical Methods\nfor the Production of Graphenes","volume":"4","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092310073557600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200900167","article-title":"Efficient Reduction of Graphite Oxide\nby Sodium Borohydride and Its Effect on Electrical Conductance","volume":"19","author":"Shin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092310073557600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.281","article-title":"New Insights into\nthe Structure and Reduction of Graphite Oxide","volume":"1","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092310073557600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2007.451","article-title":"Processable\nAqueous Dispersions of Graphene Nanosheets","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. 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Energy Mater."},{"issue":"6271","key":"2026092310073557600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad0832","article-title":"Active Sites of Nitrogen-Doped\nCarbon Materials for\nOxygen Reduction Reaction Clarified Using Model Catalysts","volume":"351","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092310073557600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5622","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c14381","article-title":"One-Step Electrochemical\nEthylene-to-Ethylene\nGlycol Conversion over a Multitasking Molecular Catalyst","volume":"146","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026092310073557600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202302466","article-title":"Boosting Selective\nOxidation of Ethylene to Ethylene Glycol Assisted\nby In Situ Generated H2O2 from O2 Electroreduction","volume":"62","author":"Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092310073557600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2007.02.034","article-title":"Synthesis of Graphene-Based\nNanosheets via Chemical Reduction of Exfoliated Graphite Oxide","volume":"45","author":"Stankovich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092310073557600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200900167","article-title":"Efficient\nReduction of Graphite Oxide\nby Sodium Borohydride and Its Effect on Electrical Conductance","volume":"19","author":"Shin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092310073557600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1039\/B512799H","article-title":"Stable Aqueous Dispersions of Graphitic\nNanoplatelets\nvia the Reduction of Exfoliated Graphite Oxide in the Presence of\nPoly(Sodium 4-Styrenesulfonate)","volume":"16","author":"Stankovich","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"2026092310073557600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2021.08.085","article-title":"Unveiling Bonding States\nand Roles of Edges in Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Nanoribbon by X-Ray\nPhotoelectron Spectroscopy","volume":"185","author":"Yamada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"2026092310073557600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2020.02.065","article-title":"Deconvoluting\nthe XPS Spectra for Nitrogen-Doped Chars:\nAn Analysis from First Principles","volume":"162","author":"Ayiania","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092310073557600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5401","DOI":"10.1021\/nl2031037","article-title":"Nitrogen-Doped Graphene:\nEfficient Growth, Structure, and Electronic Properties","volume":"11","author":"Usachov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026092310073557600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201204530","article-title":"Ultralight\nand Highly Compressible Graphene Aerogels","volume":"25","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv.\nMater."},{"key":"2026092310073557600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.6.17","article-title":"X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy\nof Graphitic Carbon Nanomaterials Doped with Heteroatoms","volume":"6","author":"Susi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026092310073557600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10695","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.9b02163","article-title":"Spectroscopic\nFingerprints of Graphitic,\nPyrrolic, Pyridinic, and Chemisorbed Nitrogen in N-Doped Graphene","volume":"123","author":"Lazar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026092310073557600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4128","DOI":"10.1039\/b923139k","article-title":"Controllable Growth\nof Highly N-Doped Carbon Nanotubes from Imidazole: A Structural, Spectroscopic\nand Field Emission Study","volume":"20","author":"Ghosh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092310073557600_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4333","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0453109","article-title":"Distribution\nand Structure of N Atoms\nin Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Using Variable-Energy X-Ray Photoelectron\nSpectroscopy","volume":"109","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"issue":"100","key":"2026092310073557600_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81831","DOI":"10.1039\/c5ra14461b","article-title":"Enhanced Reduction\nof Graphene Oxide by High-Pressure Hydrothermal Treatment","volume":"5","author":"Di\u0301ez","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026092310073557600_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.12.081","article-title":"Hydrothermal Synthesis\nand Activation of Graphene-Incorporated Nitrogen-Rich Carbon Composite\nfor High-Performance Supercapacitors","volume":"70","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"issue":"36","key":"2026092310073557600_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15306","DOI":"10.1021\/jp104074t","article-title":"Role of Graphitic\nEdge Plane Exposure in Carbon Nanostructures\nfor Oxygen Reduction Reaction","volume":"114","author":"Biddinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem.\nC"},{"key":"2026092310073557600_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.47.55","article-title":"Ab initio molecular\ndynamics for liquid metals","volume":"47","author":"Kresse","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"2026092310073557600_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3093(96)00314-6","article-title":"Ab Initio\nMolecular-Dynamics Simulation of the Liquid-Metal-Amorphous-Semiconductor\nTransition in Germanium","volume":"205-207","author":"Kresse","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"2026092310073557600_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0927-0256(96)00008-0","article-title":"Efficiency of Ab-Initio Total Energy\nCalculations for Metals and Semiconductors Using a Plane-Wave Basis\nSet","volume":"6","author":"Kresse","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. 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