{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:19:23Z","timestamp":1788365963191,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,19]],"date-time":"2015-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_ccbyncnd_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SPP1355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPP1355"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The effect of an environmentally friendly alcohol treatment on bulk heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells using the low-bandgap copolymer based on thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-alt-benzodithiophene units and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester is systematically investigated. Different alcohols are tested, and besides the most commonly used methanol treatment, other alcohols such as ethanol, 2-propanol, and 1-butanol also improve the device performance to certain extents as compared to the untreated solar cells. Changes of the surface structure caused by the alcohol treatment are probed with atomic force microscopy, and the modification of inner film morphology is probed by time-of-flight-grazing incidence small-angle neutron scattering (TOF-GISANS). UV\/vis measurements show that the thickness of all BHJ films remains unchanged by the different solvent treatments. Thus, the enhanced device performance induced by the alcohol treatments is correlated to the reconstruction of the inner film structures probed with TOF-GISANS and the modified energy levels at the interfaces between the BHJ layer and the aluminum electrodes, evident by the enhanced short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage of the I\u2013V curves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/am5079418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,10]],"date-time":"2015-02-10T13:48:00Z","timestamp":1423576080000},"page":"4641-4649","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Effect\nof Alcohol Treatment on the Performance of PTB7:PC71BM\nBulk Heterojunction Solar\nCells"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universita\u0308t Mu\u0308nchen , , James-Franck-Strasse 1 , ,","place":["Garching, Germany, 85748"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biye","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universita\u0308t Mu\u0308nchen , , James-Franck-Strasse 1 , ,","place":["Garching, Germany, 85748"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universita\u0308t Mu\u0308nchen , , James-Franck-Strasse 1 , ,","place":["Garching, Germany, 85748"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Franc\u0327ois","family":"Moulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (FRM II) , Lichtenbergstrasse 1 , ,","place":["Garching, Germany, 85747"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Mu\u0308ller-Buschbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universita\u0308t Mu\u0308nchen , , James-Franck-Strasse 1 , ,","place":["Garching, Germany, 85748"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090211403637800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5243.1789","article-title":"Polymer Photovoltaic\nCells: Enhanced Efficiencies via a Network of Internal Donor\u2013Acceptor\nHeterojunctions","volume":"270","author":"Yu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090211403637800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/26183","article-title":"Laminated Fabrication of Polymeric\nPhotovoltaic Diodes","volume":"395","author":"Granstro\u0308m","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090211403637800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200702337","article-title":"Design Rules for\nDonors in Bulk-Heterojunction Tandem Solar Cells Towards 15% Energy-Conversion\nEfficiency","volume":"20","author":"Dennler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. 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(Tokyo, Jpn.)"},{"key":"2026090211403637800_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1021\/jz300039h","article-title":"Phase Separation\nand Molecular Intermixing in Polymer\u2013Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction\nThin Films","volume":"3","author":"Ruderer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"2026090211403637800_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5286","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05286","article-title":"Molecular Weight Dependent Vertical\nComposition Profiles of PCDTBT:PC71BM Blends for Organic\nPhotovoltaics","volume":"4","author":"Kingsley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026090211403637800_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3382","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201100945","article-title":"Solvent-Induced\nMorphology in Polymer-Based Systems for Organic Photovoltaics","volume":"21","author":"Ruderer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026090211403637800_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7692","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201304187","article-title":"The Active\nLayer Morphology of Organic Solar Cells Probed with Grazing Incidence\nScattering Techniques","volume":"26","author":"Mu\u0308ller-Buschbaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026090211403637800_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5488","DOI":"10.1021\/cr3001109","article-title":"Quantitative\nDetermination of Organic Semiconductor Microstructure from the Molecular\nto Device Scale","volume":"112","author":"Rivnay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. 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Crystallogr."},{"key":"2026090211403637800_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1140\/epje\/e2004-00014-7","article-title":"Influence\nof Surface Cleaning on Dewetting of Thin Polystyrene Films","volume":"12","author":"Mu\u0308ller-Buschbaum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. E: Soft Matter Biol. Phys."},{"key":"2026090211403637800_cit43","first-page":"107","article-title":"Time-of Flight Grazing\nIncidence Small Angle Neutron Scattering\u2500A Novel Scattering\nTechnique for the Investigation of Nanostructured Polymer Films","volume":"167","author":"Mu\u0308ller-Buschbaum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Euro. Phys. J.: Spec. Top."},{"key":"2026090211403637800_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-003-1869-2","article-title":"Grazing Incidence\nSmall-Angle X-ray Scattering\u2500An Advanced Scattering Technique\nfor the Investigation of Nanostructured Polymer Films","volume":"376","author":"Mu\u0308ller-Buschbaum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. 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Energy Mater."},{"key":"2026090211403637800_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484003","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/24\/48\/484003","article-title":"The Effect of Methanol\nTreatment on the Performance of Polymer Solar Cells","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"2026090211403637800_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11068","DOI":"10.1021\/am503284b","article-title":"Modification\nof the Active Layer\/PEDOT:PSS Interface by Solvent Additives Resulting\nin Improvement of the Performance of Organic Solar Cells","volume":"6","author":"Synooka","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. 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