{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T21:05:19Z","timestamp":1787000719093,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,5]],"date-time":"2008-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":978,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biotechnology Progress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The\n                    <jats:italic>Spirulina platensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    biomass was characterized for its metal accumulation as a function of pH, external metal concentration, equilibrium isotherms, kinetics, effect of co\u2010ions under free (living cells, lyophilized, and oven\u2010dried) and immobilized (Ca\u2010alginate and polyacrylamide gel) conditions. The maximum metal biosorption by\n                    <jats:italic>S. platensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    biomass was observed at pH 6.0 with free and immobilized biomass. The studies on equilibrium isotherm experiments showed highest maximum metal loading by living cells (181.0 \u00b1 13.1 mg Co\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/g, 272.1 \u00b1 29.4 mg Cu\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/g and 250.3 \u00b1 26.4 mg Zn\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/g) followed by lyophilized (79.7 \u00b1 9.6 mg Co\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/g, 250.0 \u00b1 22.4 mg Cu\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/g and 111.2 \u00b1 9.8 mg Zn\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/g) and oven\u2010dried (25.9 \u00b1 1.9 mg Co\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/g, 160.0 \u00b1 14.2 mg Cu\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/g and 35.1 \u00b1 2.7 mg Zn\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \/g) biomass of\n                    <jats:italic>S. platensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    on a dry weight basis. The polyacrylamide gel (PAG) immobilization of lyophilized biomass found to be superior over Ca\u2010alginate (Ca\u2010Alg) and did not interfere with the\n                    <jats:italic>S. platensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    biomass biosorption capacity, yielding 25% of metal loading after PAG entrapment. The time\u2010dependent metal biosorption in both the free and immobilized form revealed existence of two phases involving an initial rapid phase (which lasted for 1\u20132 min) contributing 63\u201377% of total biosorption, followed by a slower phase that continued for 2 h. The metal elution studies conducted using various reagents showed more than 90% elution with mineral acids, calcium salts, and Na\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    EDTA with free (lyophilized or oven\u2010dried) as well as immobilized biomass. The experiments conducted to examine the suitability of PAG\u2010immobilized\n                    <jats:italic>S. platensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    biomass over multiple cycles of Co\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , Cu\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and Zn\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    sorption and elution showed that the same PAG cubes can be reused for at least seven cycles with high efficiency.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/bp060075s","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,6]],"date-time":"2006-09-06T08:37:43Z","timestamp":1157531863000},"page":"1282-1293","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Co\n                    <sup>2+<\/sup>\n                    , Cu\n                    <sup>2+<\/sup>\n                    , and Zn\n                    <sup>2+<\/sup>\n                    Accumulation by Cyanobacterium\n                    <i>Spirulina platensis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Raveender","family":"Vannela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay Kumar","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530051457"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-1669(00)00095-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-1669(00)00207-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(00)00177-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-6445(03)00044-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","first-page":"318","article-title":"Metal and radionuclide bioremediation: Issues, considerations and potentials","volume":"4","author":"Barkay T.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. 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