{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:48:35Z","timestamp":1791280115490,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,17]],"date-time":"2008-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1224201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":169,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biotechnology Progress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Research and development of artificial corneas (keratoprostheses) in recent years have evolved from the use of rigid hydrophobic materials such as plastics and rubbers to hydrophilic, water\u2010swollen hydrogels engineered to support not only peripheral tissue integration but also glucose diffusion and surface epithelialization. The advent of the AlphaCor core\u2010and\u2010skirt hydrogel keratoprosthesis has paved the way for a host of new approaches based on hydrogels and other soft materials that encompass a variety of materials preparation strategies, from synthetic homopolymers and copolymers to collagen\u2010based bio\u2010copolymers and, finally, interpenetrating polymer networks. Each approach represents a unique strategy toward the same goal: to develop a new hydrogel that mimics the important properties of natural donor corneas. We provide a critical review of these approaches from a materials perspective and discuss recent experimental results. While formidable technical hurdles still need to be overcome, the rapid progress that has been made by investigators with these approaches is indicative that a synthetic donor cornea capable of surface epithelialization is now closer to becoming a clinical reality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/bp070476n","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,19]],"date-time":"2008-04-19T03:00:31Z","timestamp":1208574031000},"page":"735-741","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Development of Hydrogel\u2010Based Keratoprostheses: A Materials Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Myung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre\u2010Emile","family":"Duhamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer R.","family":"Cochran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaan","family":"Noolandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher N.","family":"Ta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Curtis W.","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"214","article-title":"Corneal blindness: a global perspective","volume":"79","author":"Whitcher J. P.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Org"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","volume-title":"NEI, NIH Program Announcement for Novel Approaches to Corneal Tissue Engineering","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012436630-5\/50039-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100120027002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-200308000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","volume-title":"Precis ou cours d'eperations sur la shirurgie des yeux","author":"de Quengsy G.","year":"1789"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","volume-title":"Cornea Artificials","author":"von Nussbaum A.","year":"1853"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","volume-title":"Denkschrift des Medizinisch Chirurgische Gesellschaft des Kantons Zurich","author":"Heusser","year":"1860"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2007.07.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00168-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(53)90167-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-198802820-00002"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"331","article-title":"\u201cProplast\u201d for keratoprosthesis","volume":"19","author":"White J. H.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-19911101-24","article-title":"The Cardona keratoprosthesis, 40 years experience","volume":"7","author":"Cardona H.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Refract. Corneal Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/112067219600600205","article-title":"The Dacron felt colonizable keratoprosthesis, after 15 years","volume":"6","author":"Pintucci S.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1994.1193"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","first-page":"751","article-title":"Thesoft keratoprosthesis","volume":"95","author":"Caldwell D. R.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","first-page":"450","article-title":"Zur Biologie der Hornhautverpflanzung","volume":"101","author":"Slazer F.","year":"1937","journal-title":"Arch. Augenheilk"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(64)91572-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(62)93291-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(96)88709-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","first-page":"252","article-title":"Keratoprosthesis, a 12\u2010year follow\u2010up","volume":"83","author":"Girard L. J.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Acad. Ophthalmol. Otolaryngol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199603000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-199903910-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-200108000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.4.484"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","article-title":"Boston keratoprosthesis, a long\u2010term prospective clinical study","volume":"48","author":"Peralta R. J.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.76.4.232"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(80)35179-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(98)00025-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00175-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.2.1.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6700(97)00036-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jab.770020407"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(82)34740-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-19960501-19","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of a hydrogel core\u2010and\u2010skirt keratoprosthesis in the rabbit cornea","volume":"12","author":"Crawford G. J.","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.1.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856200743896"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000160969.50706.7f"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200310000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000154380.13237.ea"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820110309"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30332"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.4990320211"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_1_46_2","first-page":"3196","article-title":"Progress in the development of a synthetic corneal onlay,","volume":"43","author":"Evans M. D.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b307996a"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30199"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30131"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200310001-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30654"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/2\/3\/S07"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2536767100"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2007.06.070"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-006-9040-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0561"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_58_2","first-page":"284","article-title":"Nutritional requirements of the corneal epithelium and anterior stroma, clinical findings","volume":"39","author":"Sweeney D. F.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_1_59_2","first-page":"1674","article-title":"Epithelialization of a synthetic polymer in the feline cornea, a preliminary study","volume":"41","author":"Evans M. D.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sweeney D. F.;Vannas A.;Hughes T. C.;Evans M. D.;McLean K. M.;Xie R. Z.;Pravin V. K.;Prakasam R. K.;Team V. C. I.Synthetic corneal inlays.Clin. Exp. Optometry2007 DOI 10.1111\/j.1444\u20130938.2007.00198.x 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2007.00198.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689008997577"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1971.01000010687013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_2","first-page":"U564","article-title":"Characterization of corneal epithelial cell adhesion on novel hydrogels","volume":"45","author":"Jacob J. T.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_64_2","article-title":"Corneal epithelial cell growth over surface\u2010modified hydrogels","volume":"42","author":"Bi J. J.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/1568562041271084"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2007.07.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00170693"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.1027"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00242-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.08.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(98)00215-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-0229(95)00190-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-409X(93)90025-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00177-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1581(199604)7:4<221::AID-PAT529>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_1_76_2","article-title":"Release of growth factors from and in vitro characterization of dendrimer crosslinked heparinized collagen gels in artificial cornea applications","volume":"48","author":"Princz M. A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.05.045"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_1_78_2","article-title":"Heparin and growth factor modified materials for artificial cornea applications","volume":"47","author":"Princz M. A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200304907"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_2","article-title":"Biocompatibility of a hydrogel corneal inlay in vivo","volume":"47","author":"Bakri A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_2","article-title":"Characterization of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(acrylic acid) double networks for corneal implant applications","volume":"46","author":"Myung D.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_2","article-title":"Synthesis and surface modification of double network hydrogel from poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(acrylic acid)","volume":"46","author":"Koh W. G.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la010075w"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myung D.;Farooqui N.;Waters D.;Schaber S.;Koh W.;Carrasco M.;Noolandi J.;Frank C. W.;Ta C. N.Glucose\u2010permeable interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels for corneal implant applications a pilot study.Curr. Eye Res.2008 29\u201343.","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680701793930"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_2","article-title":"Development of a novel keratoprosthesis based on photolithographically patterned, biomimetic hydrogels","volume":"48","author":"Myung D.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_2","article-title":"Development of a hydrogel corneal onlay, molecular design and biological response","volume":"47","author":"Myung D.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myung D.;Farooqui N.;Zheng L.;Koh W.;Noolandi J.;Cochran J. R.;Frank C. W.;Ta C. N.Bioactive interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels that support corneal epithelial wound healing.J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A2008 in press. DOI: 10.1002\/jbm.a.32056.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32056"}],"container-title":["Biotechnology Progress"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1021%2Fbp070476n","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/bp070476n","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T21:49:04Z","timestamp":1760046544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1021\/bp070476n"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1021\/bp070476n"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bp070476n","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["8756-7938","1520-6033"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8756-7938","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6033","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]}}}