{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T17:22:24Z","timestamp":1788283344956,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,10]],"date-time":"2015-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AA019682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA019682"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AA020914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA020914"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007197","name":"U.S. Public Health Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA034389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA034389"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007197","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chemotherapeutic agents nauseate cancer patients. Some individuals with schizophrenia hear voices. Chronic pain can be reduced by analgesics. Nausea, voices, and pain are examples of internal (interoceptive) stimuli closely linked with a disease and\/or its treatment. There is evidence that the perception and, hence, role of these internal stimuli can be modified by one\u2019s learning history. There is also increased awareness by researchers and practitioners of the potential import of learning involving internal states to some diseases and psychopathologies. Unfortunately, the science, theory, and practice appear to be trailing behind awareness. In this mini-review, we describe two examples: smoking and panic disorder. While doing so, we discuss the need to develop translationally relevant animal models that will allow investigators to better understand the behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying interoception and learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/cn5001028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,10]],"date-time":"2014-07-10T11:31:15Z","timestamp":1404991875000},"page":"624-631","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Interoception and Learning: Import to Understanding\nand Treating Diseases and Psychopathologies"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Rick A.","family":"Bevins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nebraska\u2500Lincoln , , , ,","place":["Lincoln, Nebraska, United States, 68588-0308"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Besheer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , , , ,","place":["Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 27599-7178"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit1","volume-title":"Conditioned reflexes; an investigation of the physiological activity\nof the cerebral cortex","author":"Pavlov","year":"1927"},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit2","article-title":"Conditioned reflexes and psychiatry","volume-title":"Lectures\non conditioned reflexes","author":"Pavlov","year":"1941"},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2009.08.005","article-title":"The role of interoception and alliesthesia\nin addiction","volume":"94","author":"Paulus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol., Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0258-9","article-title":"Interoception in\nanxiety and depression","volume":"214","author":"Paulus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2007.9.4\/mpaulus","article-title":"Neural\nbasis of reward and craving\u2500A homeostatic point of view","volume":"9","author":"Paulus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"2026090113111285100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.07.002","article-title":"Interoception and drug addiction","volume":"76","author":"Paulus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn894","article-title":"How do\nyou feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition\nof the body","volume":"3","author":"Craig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci"},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2555","article-title":"How do\nyou feel\u2500now? The anterior insula and human awareness","volume":"10","author":"Craig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq186","article-title":"Three systems of insular functional\nconnectivity identified with cluster analysis","volume":"21","author":"Deen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cereb. 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Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.190","article-title":"Effects of varenicline on smoking cue-triggered neural\nand craving responses","volume":"68","author":"Franklin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.47.1.493","article-title":"Nicotine\naddiction and treatment","volume":"47","author":"Rose","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit26","first-page":"171","article-title":"The functional\nsignificance of craving in nicotine dependence","volume-title":"The motivational impact of nicotine and its role in tobacco use","author":"Tiffany","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit27","first-page":"111","article-title":"Altering the motivational\nfunction of nicotine through conditioning processes","volume-title":"The motivational impact of nicotine and its role in\ntobacco use","author":"Bevins","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/1534582304272005","article-title":"Extending the role of associative learning processes\nin nicotine addiction","volume":"3","author":"Bevins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Cognit. Neurosci.\nRev."},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(99)00085-4","article-title":"Nicotine\ndiscrimination in men and women","volume":"64","author":"Perkins","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacol.,\nBiochem. Behav."},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1621-9","article-title":"Nicotine as a signal\nfor the presence or absence of sucrose reward: A Pavlovian drug appetitive\nconditioning preparation in rats","volume":"172","author":"Besheer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology\n(Berlin, Ger.)"},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032691","article-title":"Interoceptive conditioning with a nicotine stimulus\nis susceptible to reinforcer devaluation","volume":"127","author":"Pittenger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav.\nNeurosci."},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03214508","article-title":"Conditioned Taste\nAversions - Bibliography","volume":"4","author":"Riley","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anim. Learn. Behav."},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2009.09.012","article-title":"Mecamylamine,\ndihydro-beta-erythroidine, and dextromethorphan block conditioned\nresponding evoked by the conditional stimulus effects of nicotine","volume":"94","author":"Struthers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol., Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4169","DOI":"10.1021\/jm970377o","article-title":"Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine\nreceptors as targets for drug discovery","volume":"40","author":"Holladay","year":"1997","journal-title":"J.\nMed. 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Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)29396-4","article-title":"Competitive neuronal nicotinic receptor antagonists:\na new direction for drug discovery","volume":"298","author":"Dwoskin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol.\nExp. Ther."},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4425","DOI":"10.1021\/jm0602413","article-title":"Discovery\nof N-[(3R)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl]furo[2,3-c]pyridine-5-carboxamide,\nan agonist of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, for the\npotential treatment of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: synthesis\nand structure--activity relationship","volume":"49","author":"Wishka","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med.\nChem."},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473710902030243","article-title":"Neuropharmacology of the interoceptive\nstimulus properties of nicotine","volume":"2","author":"Wooters","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Drug\nAbuse Rev."},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.263","article-title":"Conditioned\nresponse evoked by nicotine conditioned stimulus preferentially induces\nc-Fos expression in medial regions of caudate-putamen","volume":"37","author":"Charntikov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1579","article-title":"Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction:\nfrom actions to habits to compulsion","volume":"8","author":"Everitt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"2026090113111285100_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.04.034","article-title":"Cognitive\nfunction during nicotine\nwithdrawal: Implications for nicotine dependence treatment","volume":"76","author":"Ashare","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit43","first-page":"65","article-title":"Multiple motivational\nforces contribute to nicotine dependence","volume-title":"The motivational impact of nicotine and its role in tobacco use","author":"Markou","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1154-7","article-title":"The 5-choice\nserial reaction time task: behavioural pharmacology and functional\nneurochemistry","volume":"163","author":"Robbins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berlin,\nGer.)"},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-2004-6","article-title":"Deficits in a sustained\nattention task following nicotine\nwithdrawal in rats","volume":"178","author":"Shoaib","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berlin,\nGer.)"},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0164-7","article-title":"Nicotinic effects on cognitive function:\nbehavioral characterization, pharmacological specification, and anatomic\nlocalization","volume":"184","author":"Levin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berlin, Ger.)"},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2007.08.004","article-title":"Bupropion dose-dependently\nreverses nicotine withdrawal\ndeficits in contextual fear conditioning","volume":"88","author":"Portugal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol.,\nBiochem. 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Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(96)00182-3","article-title":"The vigilance promoting drug modafinil\nincreases dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens via the involvement\nof a local GABAergic mechanism","volume":"306","author":"Ferraro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00629-6","article-title":"The effects\nof modafinil on striatal,\npallidal and nigral GABA and glutamate release in the conscious rat:\nevidence for a preferential inhibition of striato-pallidal GABA transmission","volume":"253","author":"Ferraro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosci. 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Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830160021003","article-title":"The cross-national epidemiology of\npanic disorder","volume":"54","author":"Weissman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110372543","article-title":"Genetic moderation\nof CO2-induced fear by 5-HTTLPR genotype","volume":"25","author":"Schruers","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"2026090113111285100_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2013.06.004","article-title":"Carbon dioxide inhalation as a human experimental model\nof panic: the relationship between emotions and cardiovascular physiology","volume":"94","author":"Leibold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. 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