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The goal of this study was to elucidate the associations of time-varying urinary triclosan concentrations with the adolescent gut microbiome. We used data from a prospective cohort based in Cincinnati, OH (enrolled 2003\u20132006, n = 146), to assess the time-varying associations of urinary triclosan concentrations with adolescent (age \u223c 12 years) gut microbiome diversity and composition. Individuals \u2265 18-years-old were recruited during the second trimester of pregnancy, and urinary triclosan concentrations were measured in pregnant women up to 2 times in pregnancy and up to 7 times in the child from ages 1 through 12 years. At age \u223c 12 years, fecal microbiome diversity and composition was characterized with metagenomic sequencing. We estimated differences in the relative abundance of prevalent (\u226550%) bacterial species and gene pathways using linear regression and generalized estimating equations to assess windows of heightened susceptibility adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. Additionally, we examined sex-specific associations by including an interaction term. The adolescent median Shannon diversity was 3.5 (IQR: 3.3, 3.5). Higher gestational triclosan concentrations with lower gut microbiome diversity [\u03b2 = \u22120.13 per 10-fold increase (95%CI: \u22120.24, \u22120.02)]. Triclosan concentrations were also positively associated with higher abundance of antibiotic resistance genes and differential abundance of some bacterial species, with the strongest associations observed in early life and at age 12 years. We also found differences depending on sex, with more significant associations observed among males. Our findings provide insight into windows of triclosan exposure that are relevant to gut microbiome composition and the impacts of antimicrobial agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/ehp.6c00017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T19:39:32Z","timestamp":1784057972000},"page":"672-687","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations of Urinary\nTriclosan Concentrations Across\nGestation and Childhood with the Adolescent Gut Microbiome"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2578-103X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hannah E.","family":"Laue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst School of Public Health and Health Sciences , , , ,","place":["Amherst, Massachusetts, United States, 01003"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abby F.","family":"Fleisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maine Institute for Research , , , ,","place":["Westbrook, Maine, United States, 04092"]},{"name":"Maine Medical Center , , , ,","place":["Portland, Maine, United States, 04102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia M.","family":"Calafat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , , , ,","place":["Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30329"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce P.","family":"Lanphear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simon Fraser University , , ,","place":["Vancouver, Canada, V5A 1S6"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim M.","family":"Cecil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , , , ,","place":["Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, 45267"]},{"name":"University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , , , ,","place":["Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, 45267"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Yolton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , , , ,","place":["Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, 45267"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7976-0157","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessie P.","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , , , ,","place":["Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 27599"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret R.","family":"Karagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine , , , ,","place":["Hanover, New Hampshire, United States, 03755"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliette C.","family":"Madan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine , , , ,","place":["Hanover, New Hampshire, United States, 03755"]},{"name":"Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center , , , ,","place":["Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States, 03766"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy D.","family":"Willis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington Hans Rosling Center for Population Health , , , ,","place":["Seattle, Washington, United States, 98195"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5239-3235","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University , , , ,","place":["Providence, Rhode Island, United States, 02912"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101215564675700_cit1","first-page":"595","volume-title":"Fourth National Report on Human Exposure\nto Environmental Chemicals, Updated Tables, March 2021; Human Exposure\nto Environmental Chemicals","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.).","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026101215564675700_cit2","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration.\n          . Safety and Effectiveness of Consumer\nAntiseptic Rubs; Topical Antimicrobial\nDrug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use.  Federal Register., https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2019\/04\/12\/2019-06791\/safety-and-effectiveness-of-consumer-antiseptic-rubs-topical-antimicrobial-drug-products-for(accessed 2021\u201304\u201314)."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101215564675700_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.02.017","article-title":"Assessment of the Antibacterial Activity of a Triclosan-Containing\nCutting Board","volume":"146","author":"M\u00f8retr\u00f8","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101215564675700_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/10590501.2010.504978","article-title":"Occurrence, Efficacy, Metabolism, and Toxicity of Triclosan","volume":"28","author":"Fang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health C Environ. Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev."},{"key":"2026101215564675700_cit5","unstructured":"Safety\nand Effectiveness of Consumer Antiseptics; Topical Antimicrobial\nDrug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use.  Federal Register., https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2016\/09\/06\/2016-21337\/safety-and-effectiveness-of-consumer-antiseptics-topical-antimicrobial-drug-products-for(accessed 2025\u201307\u201315)."},{"key":"2026101215564675700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103417","article-title":"Triclosan:\nA Widespread Environmental Toxicant with\nMany Biological Effects","volume":"56","author":"Yueh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol\nToxicol"},{"issue":"6726","key":"2026101215564675700_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/18803","article-title":"Molecular Basis\nof Triclosan Activity","volume":"398","author":"Levy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101215564675700_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e305","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000305","article-title":"Time-Varying Associations of Gestational\nand Childhood Triclosan with Pubertal and Adrenarchal Outcomes in\nEarly Adolescence","volume":"8","author":"Laue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Epidemiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026101215564675700_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911427","article-title":"Triclosan\nand Its Consequences on\nthe Reproductive, Cardiovascular and Thyroid Levels","volume":"23","author":"Marques","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. 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Health B Crit Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101215564675700_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000132","article-title":"Prenatal Exposure to Phenols and Growth in Boys","volume":"25","author":"Philippat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101215564675700_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409637","article-title":"Prenatal Triclosan\nExposure and Anthropometric\nMeasures Including Anogenital Distance in Danish Infants","volume":"124","author":"Lassen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. 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Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101215564675700_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27762-y","article-title":"Microbial Enzymes Induce Colitis\nby Reactivating Triclosan in the Mouse Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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