{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:25:34Z","timestamp":1792668334011,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003053","name":"Alberta Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009192","name":"Alberta Innovates","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"Mitacs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>More than 100 million people around the world are exposed to arsenic in drinking water that exceeds the World Health Organization guideline level of 10 \u03bcg\/L. Ingestion of water and food is the main route of human exposure to arsenic. Arsenic species excreted into urine serve as a useful biomarker of exposure and a potential marker of susceptibility, which requires speciation of arsenic in population studies. We report here the determination of arsenic species in 1873 urine samples from the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) in Araihazar, Bangladesh. This double-blind research involved detection of inorganic arsenite (iAsIII), arsenate (iAsV), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), arsenobetaine (AsB), tetramethylarsonium ion (TMI), and 12 new arsenic species that are yet to be fully identified. The total arsenic concentrations in urine, ranging from 0.9 to 2634 \u03bcg\/L, were in good agreement (R2 = 0.99) with the sum of all arsenic species. DMA was the major arsenic metabolite, and its concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 1599 \u03bcg\/L, with a mean of 79 \u03bcg\/L. The mean concentration of MMA was 12 \u03bcg\/L, and its maximum concentration was 278 \u03bcg\/L. The mean and maximum concentrations of inorganic arsenic (the sum of iAsIII and iAsV) were 16 and 611 \u03bcg\/L, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in urinary concentrations of arsenic species between the female (n = 1156) and male (n = 714) participants. On average, the relative proportions of individual arsenic species were 71.7% DMA, 11.0% MMA, 14.8% iAs (sum of iAsIII and iAsV), 1.9% AsB, and 1.6% unidentified arsenic species. Unidentified arsenic species were detected in 751 urine samples (40% of the 1873 urine samples), and their concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 42 \u03bcg\/L (mean 1.8 \u03bcg\/L). A subset of participants (n = 76) with skin lesions, compared to those (n = 74) without skin lesions, had higher urinary concentrations of DMA (4.1\u2013728 vs 1.4\u2013354 \u03bcg\/L, p = 0.013), MMA (1.2\u2013278 vs 0.3\u201387 \u03bcg\/L, p = 0.0048), inorganic arsenic (sum of iAsIII + iAsV) (not detectable to 141 \u03bcg\/L vs 0.3\u201383 \u03bcg\/L, p = 0.016), and total arsenic (7.1\u20131231 vs 3\u2013581 \u03bcg\/L, p = 0.0093). These results of individual arsenic species in human urine, arsenic speciation patterns, and arsenic metabolite profiles, along with observations of health outcomes, demonstrate potential for establishing biomarkers of effect and susceptibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/envhealth.5c00880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T13:42:43Z","timestamp":1780062163000},"page":"2084-2092","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Speciation of Arsenic in Urine from the Health Effects\nof Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) Revealing New Arsenic Species\nand Individual Variability"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Tetiana","family":"Davydiuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta , , , ,","place":["Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2R3"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagdeesh S.","family":"Uppal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta , , , ,","place":["Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G2"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juanjuan","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta , , , ,","place":["Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G2"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiufen","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta , , , ,","place":["Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G2"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago , , , ,","place":["Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60637"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habibul","family":"Ahsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago , , , ,","place":["Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60637"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Pierce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chicago , , , ,","place":["Chicago, Illinois, United States, 60637"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7690-6701","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"X. Chris","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta , , , ,","place":["Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2R3"]},{"name":"University of Alberta , , , ,","place":["Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G2"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026091808061174000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500449","article-title":"Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS):\nDescription of a Multidisciplinary Epidemiologic Investigation","volume":"16","author":"Ahsan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"6493","key":"2026091808061174000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba1510","article-title":"Global Threat of Arsenic\nin Groundwater","volume":"368","author":"Podgorski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026091808061174000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9244","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36166-5","article-title":"Association of obesity, diabetes,\nand hypertension with arsenic in drinking water in the Comarca Lagunera\nprovince (north-central Mexico)","volume":"13","author":"Sa\u0301nchez-Rodri\u0301guez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026091808061174000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7319","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110707319","article-title":"Differences\nof Urinary Arsenic Metabolites and Methylation Capacity between Individuals\nwith and without Skin Lesions in Inner Mongolia, Northern China","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026091808061174000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e513","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30195-0","article-title":"The Effect\nof the Environmental Protection\nAgency Maximum Contaminant Level on Arsenic Exposure in the USA from\n2003 to 2014: An Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination\nSurvey (NHANES)","volume":"2","author":"Nigra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026091808061174000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3861","DOI":"10.1021\/es702748q","article-title":"Arsenic\nin Rice: II. Arsenic Speciation in USA Grain and Implications for\nHuman Health","volume":"42","author":"Zavala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091808061174000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1039\/C0EM00482K","article-title":"The Impact of a\nRice Based Diet on Urinary Arsenic","volume":"13","author":"Cascio","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ.\nMonit."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026091808061174000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-013-0245-z","article-title":"Determination of\nArsenic Species in Rice Grains Using HPLC-ICP-MS","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026091808061174000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5531","DOI":"10.1021\/es0502324","article-title":"Variation in Arsenic\nSpeciation and Concentration in\nPaddy Rice Related to Dietary Exposure","volume":"39","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026091808061174000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080691","article-title":"Urinary and\nDietary Analysis of 18,470 Bangladeshis Reveal a Correlation of Rice\nConsumption with Arsenic Exposure and Toxicity","volume":"8","author":"Melkonian","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091808061174000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1007\/s42729-023-01606-8","article-title":"Human Health\nRisks from Consuming\nVegetables Grown in Anomalously High-Arsenic Soils","volume":"24","author":"Neaman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091808061174000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2018.1562228","article-title":"Hijiki Seaweed\nConsumption Elevates Levels of Inorganic\nArsenic Intake in Japanese Children and Pregnant Women","volume":"36","author":"Mise","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk\nAssess."},{"key":"2026091808061174000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.12.113","article-title":"Human Exposure\nto Organic Arsenic Species from Seafood","volume":"580","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci.\nTotal Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091808061174000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2010.10.009","article-title":"Seafood Intake and\nUrine Concentrations of Total Arsenic, Dimethylarsinate and Arsenobetaine\nin the US Population","volume":"111","author":"Navas-Acien","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091808061174000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1021\/envhealth.3c00090","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Intake of Arsenosugars\nand Other Organic Arsenic Species on Studies of Arsenic Methylation\nEfficiency in Humans","volume":"1","author":"Davydiuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environment & Health"},{"key":"2026091808061174000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.133930","article-title":"Exposure to Arsenolipids and Inorganic Arsenic from\nMarine-Sourced Dietary Supplements","volume":"296","author":"Taylor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091808061174000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1021\/tx400441h","article-title":"Chemical\nMechanism of Arsenic Biomethylation","volume":"27","author":"Cullen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Res.\nToxicol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091808061174000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1021\/cr60115a003","article-title":"Biological\nmethylation","volume":"36","author":"Challenger","year":"1945","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026091808061174000_cit19","first-page":"69","article-title":"Exposure\nto Arsenosugars from\nSeafood Ingestion and Speciation of Urinary Arsenic Metabolites","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Third International Conference on\nArsenic Exposure and Health","author":"Le","year":"1999"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026091808061174000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1021\/tx900158h","article-title":"Individual Variability in the Human\nMetabolism of an Arsenic-Containing Carbohydrate, 2\u2032,3\u2032-Dihydroxypropyl\n5-Deoxy-5-Dimethylarsinoyl- \u03b2-D-Riboside, a Naturally Occurring\nArsenical in Seafood","volume":"22","author":"Raml","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026091808061174000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1021\/tx050111h","article-title":"Novel Thioarsenic\nMetabolites in Human Urine after Ingestion of an Arsenosugar, 2\u2032,3\u2032-Dihydroxypropyl\n5-Deoxy-5-Dimethylarsinoyl- \u03b2-D-Riboside","volume":"18","author":"Raml","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026091808061174000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2020.103729","article-title":"Determination of\nTotal Arsenic and Hydrophilic Arsenic Species in Seafood","volume":"96","author":"Luvonga","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"2026091808061174000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.115770","article-title":"Arsenic Speciation Analysis: A Review\nwith an Emphasis on Chromatographic Separations","volume":"123","author":"Reid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem. TrAC"},{"key":"2026091808061174000_cit24","unstructured":"Uppal, J. S.\n          \n          Characterization\nof\nUrinary Arsenic Metabolites for Use as Biomarkers of Susceptibility\nto Arsenic Toxicity, MSc thesis, University\nof Alberta: Edmonton, 2021."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026091808061174000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/46.11.1781","article-title":"Human Urine\nCertified Reference Material for Arsenic Speciation","volume":"46","author":"Yoshinaga","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Monit. Toxicol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026091808061174000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1039\/b402994a","article-title":"Selective\nArsenic Speciation Analysis\nof Human Urine Reference Materials Using Gradient Elution Ion-Exchange\nHPLC-ICP-MS","volume":"19","author":"Sloth","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anal. At. Spectrom."},{"key":"2026091808061174000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3920","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03883-7","article-title":"Distinct Arsenic Metabolites Following Seaweed Consumption\nin Humans","volume":"7","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026091808061174000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108098","article-title":"Dietary Sources of Methylated Arsenic\nSpecies in Urine of the United States Population, NHANES 2003\u20132010","volume":"9","author":"DeCastro","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091808061174000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/44.3.539","article-title":"Effect of Arsenosugar Ingestion on Urinary Arsenic\nSpeciation","volume":"44","author":"Ma","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026091808061174000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02079","article-title":"Metabolism\nof 3-[5\u2032-Deoxy-5\u2032-(Dimethylarsinoyl)-\u03b2-Ribofuranosyloxy]-2-Hydroxypropylene\nGlycol in an Artificial Digestive System","volume":"5","author":"Hata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026091808061174000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1039\/c8mt00231b","article-title":"Thiolation in Arsenic\nMetabolism: A Chemical Perspective","volume":"10","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"2026091808061174000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2016.08.016","article-title":"Thiolated\nArsenicals in Arsenic Metabolism: Occurrence,\nFormation, and Biological Implications","volume":"49","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ.\nSci."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026091808061174000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011826","article-title":"Genetic variation in the FMO and\nGSTO gene clusters impacts arsenic metabolism in humans","volume":"21","author":"Tamayo","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Genetics"}],"container-title":["Environment &amp; Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/envhealth.5c00880","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ehnea2\/article-pdf\/4\/9\/2084\/66263784\/envhealth.5c00880.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ehnea2\/article-pdf\/4\/9\/2084\/66263784\/envhealth.5c00880.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T12:44:37Z","timestamp":1789735477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ehnea2\/article\/4\/9\/2084\/5232991\/Speciation-of-Arsenic-in-Urine-from-the-Health"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/envhealth.5c00880","relation":{},"ISSN":["2833-8278"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2833-8278","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]}}}