{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T15:26:10Z","timestamp":1787412370086,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30ES026529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30ES026529"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES032396"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES032396"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Haloacetonitriles are drivers of disinfection byproduct (DBP) toxicity with in vitro assays. Regulated trihalomethanes have historically been an indicator of haloacetonitriles; however, differences in precursors, disinfectants used, and network variability reduce the reliability of trihalomethanes as an indicator for toxicity. The spatial\u2013temporal variability in haloacetonitriles and trihalomethanes in rural drinking water systems was analyzed using monthly tap water collected in two systems for two years (nhomes = 34; nsamples = 623). Median concentrations were 69.8 \u03bcg L\u20131 (Interquartile Range (IQR) 43.2\u201398.5) for total trihalomethanes and 5.1 \u03bcg L\u20131 (IQR 4.5\u20135.9) for total haloacetonitriles. Concentrations were influenced by temperatures and changes in precursors which were exacerbated by treatment operations (e.g., prechlorination, greater source water DBP forming potential). The ratio of haloacetonitriles to trihalomethanes was greater during the spring and in homes with decreased water ages. Brominated species contributed a larger portion of the mass concentration of haloacetonitriles than the trihalomethanes. Trihalomethanes and haloacetonitrile concentrations were poorly correlated (rPearson = 0.41). The cytotoxicity of trihalomethanes and haloacetonitriles were more strongly correlated (rPearson = 0.72) in the presence of increased Br\u2013. Variation in haloacetonitriles with respect to surface water quality and system operation conditions differ significantly from trihalomethanes, making trihalomethanes a poor surrogate. In systems with elevated Br\u2013, trihalomethanes may serve as an indicator of the occurrence of brominated-haloacetonitriles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/envhealth.6c00095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T15:48:47Z","timestamp":1777132127000},"page":"1708-1719","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trihalomethane\nConcentrations Measured at the Tap\nare a Poor Predictor of Haloacetonitrile Concentrations in Small Rural\nDrinking Water Systems"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4781-1236","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emily N.","family":"Byers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky , , , ,","place":["Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America, 40506"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindell E.","family":"Ormsbee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky , , , ,","place":["Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America, 40506"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Jay","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky , , , ,","place":["Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America, 40506"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"McCoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Martin County Concerned Citizens, Inc. , , ,","place":["Inez, Kentucky, United States of America, 41224"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madison","family":"Mooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Livelihoods Knowledge Exchange Network , , ,","place":["Winchester, Kentucky, United States of America, 40391"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debi","family":"Sexton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headwaters Inc. , , ,","place":["Whitesburg, Kentucky, United States of America, 41858"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3012-5261","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jason M.","family":"Unrine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky , , , ,","place":["Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America, 40506"]},{"name":"University of Kentucky , , , ,","place":["Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America, 40506"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2026082211094403800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3532","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.4c00392","article-title":"Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking\nWater from the Tap: Variability in Household Calculated Additive Toxicity\n(CAT)","volume":"4","author":"Anderson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.:Water Res. Technol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026082211094403800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87002","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP9985","article-title":"Estimating\nNational Exposures and\nPotential Bladder Cancer Cases Associated with Chlorination DBPs in\nU.S. Drinking Water","volume":"130","author":"Weisman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026082211094403800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000121380.02594.fc","article-title":"Disinfection\nByproducts and Bladder Cancer: A Pooled Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Villanueva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026082211094403800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199803000-00006","article-title":"Trihalomethanes in\nDrinking Water and Spontaneous Abortion","volume":"9","author":"Waller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026082211094403800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP103","article-title":"Disinfection By-Product Exposures\nand the Risk of Specific\nCardiac Birth Defects","volume":"125","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026082211094403800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2017-104861","article-title":"Exposure to\nDisinfectant By-products\nand the Risk of Stillbirth in Massachusetts","volume":"75","author":"Rivera-Nunez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026082211094403800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199907000-00008","article-title":"Neural Tube Defects and Drinking\nWater Disinfection\nBy-Products","volume":"10","author":"Klotz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiol."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.10.071","article-title":"Spatial\nand Seasonal Variability of Tap Water Disinfection By-products within\nDistribution Pipe Networks","volume":"506\u2013507","author":"Charisiadis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026082211094403800_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1719805115","article-title":"National Trends\nin Drinking Water Quality Violations","volume":"115","author":"Allaire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc.\nNatl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"2026082211094403800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159726","article-title":"Land Cover and Community\nWater System Characteristics as Predictors of Safe Drinking Water\nAct violations in Central Appalachia, USA","volume":"858","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci.\nTotal Environ."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026082211094403800_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2998","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b04448","article-title":"Life Cycle Environmental\nImpacts of Disinfection Technologies Used in Small Drinking Water\nSystems","volume":"52","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2020-1352.ch006","article-title":"A\nReview on Disinfection\nand Disinfection Byproducts","volume-title":"Contaminants\nin Our Water: Identification and Remediation Methods","author":"Tak","year":"2020"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026082211094403800_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(10)60573-6","article-title":"Seasonal Variation\nEffects on the Formation of Trihalomethane during Chlorination of\nWater from Yangtze River and Associated Cancer Risk Assessment","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026082211094403800_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.36118","article-title":"Risk and Protective\nFactors in the Origin of Conotruncal\nDefects of Heart: A Population-Based Case\u2013Control Study","volume":"161","author":"Csa\u0301ky-Szunyogh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet., Part A"},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121913","article-title":"It\u2019s\nGetting\nHot in Here: Effects of Heat on Temperature, Disinfection, and Opportunistic\nPathogens in Drinking Water Distribution Systems","volume":"260","author":"Furst","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131323","article-title":"Novel Insights\ninto\nImpacts of the \u20337.20\u2033 Extreme Rainstorm Event on Water\nSupply Security of Henan Province, China: Levels and Health Risks\nof Tap Water Disinfection By-products","volume":"452","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard\nMater."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.125567","article-title":"Impact of\nseasonal variations and\nwater quality parameters on the formation of trihalomethanes and haloacetic\nacids in drinking water treatment processes","volume":"384","author":"Alver","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2025.107977","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics\nand pre-treatment influences on NOM fractions and THM formation potential\nin a drinking water reservoir: A case study in Aksaray, Turkey","volume":"75","author":"Alver","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Water Proc. Eng."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148627","article-title":"Effects\nof Temperature and Microorganism\nDensities on Disinfection By-product Formation","volume":"794","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.239","article-title":"Temperature\nDependence of Characteristics\nof Organic Precursors, Bromide, and Disinfection Byproduct Formation","volume":"662","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026082211094403800_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025811921502","article-title":"Trihalomethanes in\nDrinking Water of Greater Que\u0301bec Region (Canada): Occurrence,\nVariations and Modelling","volume":"89","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154324","article-title":"Multivariate Experimental\nDesign Provides Insights for the Optimisation of Rechloramination\nConditions and Water Age to Control Disinfectant Decay and Disinfection\nBy-product Formation in Treated Drinking Water","volume":"830","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026082211094403800_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2006.08.032","article-title":"Chlorine\nDecay in Drinking-Water Transmission and Distribution Systems: Pipe\nService Age Effect","volume":"41","author":"Al-Jasser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026082211094403800_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04014020","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000383","article-title":"Modeling and Field\nWork to Investigate the Relationship\nbetween Age and Quality of Tap Water","volume":"140","author":"Machell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Water\nResour. Plann. Manag."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026082211094403800_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2017.1363249","article-title":"Integrating Water Temperature\nin Chlorine Decay Modelling: A Case Study","volume":"14","author":"Monteiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urban\nWater J."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026082211094403800_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pwat.0000227","article-title":"Spatial and Seasonal Variation in Disinfection Byproducts\nConcentrations in a Rural Public Drinking Water System: A Case Study\nof Martin County, Kentucky, USA","volume":"3","author":"Unrine","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Water."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026082211094403800_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3138","DOI":"10.3390\/w17213138","article-title":"Modeling the\nTradeoff Between Water Loss, Chlorine Residuals, and Trihalomethanes\nin Rural Appalachia, USA","volume":"17","author":"Fordjour","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.254","article-title":"Field Assessment\nof Bacterial Communities and Total Trihalomethanes: Implications for\nDrinking Water Networks","volume":"616\u2013617","author":"Montoya-Pachongo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026082211094403800_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-9936(03)01003-3","article-title":"Disinfection\nBy-products and Other Emerging Contaminants in Drinking Water","volume":"22","author":"Richardson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026082211094403800_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1989.tb03258.x","article-title":"The Occurrence of\nDisinfection By-products in US drinking\nWater","volume":"81","author":"Krasner","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. - Am. Water Works Assoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026082211094403800_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c07998","article-title":"Drivers of Disinfection\nByproduct Cytotoxicity in U.S. Drinking Water:\nShould Other DBPs Be Considered for Regulation?","volume":"56","author":"Allen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026082211094403800_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-022-00453-6","article-title":"Insights\nto Estimate Exposure to Regulated and Non-regulated Disinfection By-products\nin Drinking Water","volume":"34","author":"Redondo-Hasselerharm","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exposure Sci. Environ.\nEpidemiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026082211094403800_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E501","DOI":"10.5942\/jawwa.2016.108.0152","article-title":"Occurrence\nof DBPs in Drinking Water of European Regions for Epidemiology Studies","volume":"108","author":"Krasner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. - Am. Water Works Assoc."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.12.106","article-title":"Factors Influencing\nDBPs Cccurrence in Tap Water of Jinhua Region\nin Zhejiang Province, China","volume":"171","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ.\nSaf."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.12.091","article-title":"The Occurrence\nof Disinfection By-products\nin Municipal Drinking Water in China\u2019s Pearl River Delta and\na Multipathway Cancer Risk Assessment","volume":"447","author":"Gan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci.\nTotal Environ."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026082211094403800_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.03.033","article-title":"Spatio-temporal\nVariability of Non-Regulated Disinfection By-products within a Drinking\nWater Distribution Network","volume":"47","author":"Mercier Shanks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit37","unstructured":"Blondes, M. S.; Knierim, K. J.; Croke, M. R.; Freeman, P. A.; Doolan, C.; Herzberg, A. S.; Shelton, J. L.\n          U.S. Geological Survey\nNational Produced Waters Geochemical Database (Ver. 3.0, December\n2023); U.S. Geological Survey data release.\nSurvey, 2023."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2021.105149","article-title":"Factors Affecting Groundwater Quality\nused for Domestic Supply in Marcellus Shale region of North-Central\nand North-East Pennsylvania, USA","volume":"137","author":"Cravotta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wroa.2021.100089","article-title":"Use of Trihalomethanes as a Surrogate\nfor Haloacetonitrile Exposure Introduces Misclassification Bias","volume":"11","author":"Furst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res.:X"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026082211094403800_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2015.127","article-title":"Effect of Increasing\nBromide Concentration on Toxicity in Treated Drinking Water","volume":"14","author":"Sawade","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit41","unstructured":"Drinking Water Watch. 2025. https:\/\/dep.gateway.ky.gov\/DWW\/(accessed August, 2025)."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit42","unstructured":"Water Resources\nInformation System; Kentucky Infastructure\nAuthority. https:\/\/wris.ky.gov\/portal\/SysData.aspx (accessed Oct 30, 2025)."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit43","article-title":"Standard Methods Committee\nof the American Public Health Association,\nAWWA, and the Water Environment Federation","volume-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit44","unstructured":"KYPIPE; https:\/\/kypipe.com\/(accessed Aug 4, 2025)."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2017.04.021","article-title":"CHO Cell Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity Analyses of\nDisinfection By-products: An Updated Review","volume":"58","author":"Wagner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horton, J. D.; Juan, C. A. S.; Stoeser, D. B.\n          The State Geologic\nMap Compilation (SGMC) Geodatabase of the Conterminous United States\nData Series 1052; U.S. Geological Survey, 2017.","DOI":"10.3133\/ds1052"},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.04.112","article-title":"Impact of Wastewater\nInfrastructure Upgrades on the\nUrban Water Cycle: Reduction in Halogenated Reaction Byproducts Following\nConversion from Chlorine Gas to Ultraviolet Light Disinfection","volume":"529","author":"Barber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026082211094403800_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17763","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c07175","article-title":"Occurrence and Cytotoxicity\nof Aliphatic and Aromatic Halogenated\nDisinfection Byproducts in Indoor Swimming Pool Water and Their Incoming\nTap Water","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.01.005","article-title":"Women Exposure\nDuring Pregnancy to\nHaloacetaldehydes and Haloacetonitriles in Drinking Water and Risk\nof Small-for-gestational-age Neonate","volume":"137","author":"Ileka-Priouzeau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ.\nRes."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.02.066","article-title":"Behavior\nof Non-regulated Disinfection By-products in Water Following Multiple\nChlorination Points During Treatment","volume":"586","author":"Marcoux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total\nEnviron."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit51","unstructured":"Weinberg, H. S.; Krasner, S. W.; Richardson, S. D.; Thruston, A. D.\n          The Occurrence of\nDisinfection By-Products (DBPs) of Health Concern in Drinking Water:\nResults of a Nationwide DBP Occurrence Study; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002, EPA\/600\/R-02\/068."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026082211094403800_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12007","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b03484","article-title":"Disinfection\nByproducts in Rajasthan, India: Are Trihalomethanes a Sufficient Indicator\nof Disinfection Byproduct Exposure in Low-Income Countries?","volume":"53","author":"Furst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.04.095","article-title":"The Occurrence\nand Transformation Behaviors of Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking\nWater Distribution Systems in Rural Areas of Eastern China","volume":"228","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026082211094403800_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2013.07.0305","article-title":"Predicting\nTrihalomethanes in the New York City Water\nSupply","volume":"43","author":"Mukundan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026082211094403800_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2010.509438","article-title":"The Impact of Variable\nHydraulic Operation of Water Distribution Networks on Disinfection\nBy-product Concentrations","volume":"7","author":"Idornigie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urban Water J."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026082211094403800_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11028","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02772","article-title":"Kinetic Analysis\nof Haloacetonitrile Stability in Drinking\nWaters","volume":"49","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026082211094403800_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2013.097","article-title":"Factors Affecting Formation of Haloacetonitriles\nand Haloketones\nduring Chlorination\/Monochloramination of Jinlan Reservoir Water","volume":"13","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol.:Water Supply"},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156692","article-title":"Effects of\nDifferent Types of Nitrogen Sources in Water on the Formation Potentials\nof Nitrogenous Disinfection By-Products in Chloramine Disinfection\nProcess Based on Isotope Labeling","volume":"842","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total\nEnviron."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026082211094403800_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2166\/aqua.2001.0001","article-title":"Formation\nand Degradation of Dichloroacetonitrile in Drinking Waters","volume":"50","author":"Reckhow","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Water Supply:Res. Technol.--AQUA"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026082211094403800_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E391","DOI":"10.5942\/jawwa.2014.106.0076","article-title":"Real-time\nModeling of Water Distribution Systems: A Case Study","volume":"106","author":"Boulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. - Am. Water Works Assoc."},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"2026082211094403800_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2008.11.044","article-title":"Changes in DOC Treatability: Indications\nof Compositional\nChanges in DOC Trends","volume":"366","author":"Worrall","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026082211094403800_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2006.12.022","article-title":"Enhanced Coagulation Under changing\nAlkalinity-Hardness Conditions and its Implications on Trihalomethane\nPrecursors Removal and Relationship with UV Absorbance","volume":"55","author":"Iriartevelasco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.06.083","article-title":"The Impact\nof Changes in Source Water Quality on Trihalomethane and Haloacetonitrile\nFormation in Chlorinated Drinking Water","volume":"117","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026082211094403800_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1021\/es062484q","article-title":"Oxidation\nof N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) Precursors with Ozone and Chlorine\nDioxide: Kinetics and Effect on NDMA Formation Potential","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026082211094403800_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b02862","article-title":"Predominant N-Haloacetamide and Haloacetonitrile Formation\nin Drinking Water via the Aldehyde Reaction Pathway","volume":"53","author":"Vu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026082211094403800_cit66","unstructured":"U.S. Geological Survey.\n          .  Computation of Bromide Concentrations at\nthe Kansas River at De Soto, Kansas, January 2021 through October\n2023, 2024."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026082211094403800_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1039\/C8EW00394G","article-title":"Framework for Cost-Effective Prediction\nof Unregulated Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water Distribution\nusing Differential Free Chlorine","volume":"4","author":"Chhipi-Shrestha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.:Water\nRes. Technol."}],"container-title":["Environment &amp; Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/envhealth.6c00095","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ehnea2\/article-pdf\/4\/8\/1708\/66264723\/envhealth.6c00095.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ehnea2\/article-pdf\/4\/8\/1708\/66264723\/envhealth.6c00095.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T15:10:00Z","timestamp":1787411400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ehnea2\/article\/4\/8\/1708\/5233061\/Trihalomethane-Concentrations-Measured-at-the-Tap"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/envhealth.6c00095","relation":{},"ISSN":["2833-8278"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2833-8278","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]}}}