{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:04:53Z","timestamp":1789603493674,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,12]],"date-time":"2011-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1315785600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,12]],"date-time":"2011-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1315785600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,12]],"date-time":"2011-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1315785600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Atmospheric emissions of gas and particulate matter from a large ocean-going container vessel were sampled as it slowed and switched from high-sulfur to low-sulfur fuel as it transited into regulated coastal waters of California. Reduction in emission factors (EFs) of sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter, particulate sulfate and cloud condensation nuclei were substantial (\u226590%). EFs for particulate organic matter decreased by 70%. Black carbon (BC) EFs were reduced by 41%. When the measured emission reductions, brought about by compliance with the California fuel quality regulation and participation in the vessel speed reduction (VSR) program, are placed in a broader context, warming from reductions in the indirect effect of SO4 would dominate any radiative changes due to the emissions changes. Within regulated waters absolute emission reductions exceed 88% for almost all measured gas and particle phase species. The analysis presented provides direct estimations of the emissions reductions that can be realized by California fuel quality regulation and VSR program, in addition to providing new information relevant to potential health and climate impact of reduced fuel sulfur content, fuel quality and vessel speed reductions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/es2013424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,12]],"date-time":"2011-09-12T13:25:17Z","timestamp":1315833917000},"page":"9052-9060","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["Impact of Fuel Quality Regulation and Speed Reductions on Shipping Emissions: Implications for Climate and Air Quality"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Lack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado, United States"},{"name":"University of Colorado , CIRES, Boulder, Colorado, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Cappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, , Davis, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Langridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado, United States"},{"name":"University of Colorado , CIRES, Boulder, Colorado, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roya","family":"Bahreini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado, United States"},{"name":"University of Colorado , CIRES, Boulder, Colorado, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Buffaloe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, , Davis, California, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Brock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Cerully","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, , Atlanta, Georgia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Coffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA Pacific Marine Environment Laboratory , Seattle, Washington, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Hayden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Canada Air Quality Research Division, , 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Holloway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Lerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado, United States"},{"name":"University of Colorado , CIRES, Boulder, Colorado, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Massoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerodyne Research Inc. , Billerica, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shao-Meng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Canada Air Quality Research Division, , 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"McLaren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York University Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, , 4700 Keele St., Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann M.","family":"Middlebrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, , Atlanta, Georgia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Nenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, , Atlanta, Georgia, United States"},{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, , Atlanta, Georgia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibraheem","family":"Nuaaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment Canada Air Quality Research Division, , 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, Canada"},{"name":"York University Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, , 4700 Keele St., Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy B.","family":"Onasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerodyne Research Inc. , Billerica, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Peischl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado, United States"},{"name":"University of Colorado , CIRES, Boulder, Colorado, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Perring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado, United States"},{"name":"University of Colorado , CIRES, Boulder, Colorado, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia K.","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA Pacific Marine Environment Laboratory , Seattle, Washington, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Ryerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua P.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado, United States"},{"name":"University of Colorado , CIRES, Boulder, Colorado, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Spackman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado, United States"},{"name":"University of Colorado , CIRES, Boulder, Colorado, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven C.","family":"Wofsy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Science, , Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doug","family":"Worsnop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerodyne Research Inc. , Billerica, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Science, , Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado, United States"},{"name":"University of Colorado , CIRES, Boulder, Colorado, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"II","key":"2026081802281055300_cit1","article-title":"The role of international policy in mitigating global shipping emissions","volume":"XVI","author":"Corbett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brown J. World Affairs"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081802281055300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.1021\/es1036157","article-title":"Climate impact of biofuels in shipping: global model studies of the aerosol indirect effect","volume":"45","author":"Righi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit3","first-page":"144","volume-title":"Amendments to MARPOL Annex VI, Amendments to the NOX Technical Code","author":"IMO","year":"2008"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081802281055300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(98)00763-0","article-title":"Aerosol characterisation in medium speed diesel engines operating with heavy fuel oils","volume":"30","author":"Lyyranen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Sci."},{"issue":"D00F04","key":"2026081802281055300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2008\/JD011300","article-title":"Particulate emissions from commercial shipping. chemical, physical and optical proprties","volume":"114","author":"Lack","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081802281055300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-2171-2009","article-title":"Update on emissions and environmental impacts from the international fleet of ships: the contribution from major ship types and ports","volume":"9","author":"Dalsoren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit7","unstructured":"IMO\n          . Air Pollution from Ships Cut, with Entry Into Force of MARPOL Amendments, 2010, http:\/\/www.imo.org\/newsroom\/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1859&doc_id=13309."},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit8","author":"IMO","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit9","unstructured":"IMO\n           North Sea SECA in effect from 22 November, 2007, http:\/\/www.imo.org\/inforesource\/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1472&doc_id=8719."},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit10","volume-title":"Final Regulation Order. Fuel Sulfur and Other Operational Requirments for Ocean-Going Vessels Within California Waters and 24 Nautical Miles of the California Baseline","author":"CARB","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit11","volume-title":"Proposal to Designate an Emission Control Area for Nitrogen Oxides, Sulphur Oxides and Particulate Matter","author":"IMO","year":"2009"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026081802281055300_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4776","DOI":"10.1021\/es803224q","article-title":"Mitigating the health impacts of pollution from oceangoing shipping: an assessment of low-sulfur fuel mandates","volume":"43","author":"Winebrake","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit13","volume-title":"EPA Proposal for Control of Emissions from New Marine Compression-Ignition Engines at or above 30 Liters Per Cylinder","author":"U.S. EPA","year":"2009"},{"issue":"37","key":"2026081802281055300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.04.059","article-title":"Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Shipping","volume":"44","author":"Eyring","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"37","key":"2026081802281055300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.04.044","article-title":"Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Metrics","volume":"44","author":"Fuglestvedt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026081802281055300_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5592","DOI":"10.1021\/es900922h","article-title":"Assessment of near-future policy instruments for oceangoing shipping: impact on atmospheric aerosol burdens and the earth\u2019s radiation budget","volume":"43","author":"Lauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"L13815","key":"2026081802281055300_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL033906","article-title":"Light absorbing carbon emissions from commercial shipping","volume":"35","author":"Lack","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.3155\/1047-3289.59.12.1391","article-title":"Particle emissions from ships: Dependence on fuel type","volume":"59","author":"Winnes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manage."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081802281055300_cit19","first-page":"27361","article-title":"Characteristics, sources, and transport of aerosols measured in spring 2008 during the aerosol, radiation, and cloud processes affecting Arctic climate (ARCPAC) project","volume":"10","author":"Brock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss."},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit20","year":"2010"},{"issue":"D10S90","key":"2026081802281055300_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005236","article-title":"An Investigation of the chemistry of ship emission plumes during ITCT 2002","volume":"110","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"issue":"D21","key":"2026081802281055300_cit22","first-page":"D21306","article-title":"Emissions of NOX, SO2, CO, and C2H4 from commercial marine shipping during Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) 2006","volume":"114","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit23","volume-title":"Vessel Speed Reduction for Ocean-going Vessels","author":"CARB","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit24","volume-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change","author":"Seinfeld","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit25","volume-title":"Prediction of Power of Ships","author":"Harvald","year":"1977"},{"issue":"27","key":"2026081802281055300_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3817","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(03)00446-1","article-title":"Exhaust emissions from ships at berth","volume":"37","author":"Cooper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820601055392","article-title":"Particulate emissions from a low-speed marine diesel engine","volume":"41","author":"Kasper","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3800","DOI":"10.1021\/es903681z","article-title":"Physical properties, chemical composition, and cloud forming potential of particulate emissions from a marine diesel engine at various load conditions","volume":"44","author":"Petzold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026081802281055300_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(03)00080-3","article-title":"Emissions of trace gases and particles from two ships in the southern Atlantic Ocean","volume":"37","author":"Sinha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit30","unstructured":"Miller\n              W.\n            \n          , Personal Communication on measured vs. reported fuel sulfur content of ship fuel, 2011."},{"issue":"51","key":"2026081802281055300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19911","DOI":"10.1021\/jp962414d","article-title":"Kinetics and products of the gas-phase reaction of SO3 with water","volume":"100","author":"Lovejoy","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081802281055300_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-1961-2007","article-title":"A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity","volume":"7","author":"Petters","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081802281055300_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5241","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-5241-2010","article-title":", Global distribution of the effective aerosol hygroscopicity parameter for CCN activation","volume":"10","author":"Pringle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit34","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Notes on Heavy Fuel Oil","author":"American Bureau of Shipping","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit35","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Operation on Low-Sulphur Fuels. MAN B&W Two-Stroke Engines","year":"2010"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081802281055300_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1021\/ef070015j","article-title":"Emissions characteristics of a turbine engine and research combustor burning a fischer\ue5f8tropsch jet fuel","volume":"21","author":"Corporan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"issue":"D23","key":"2026081802281055300_cit37","first-page":"D23205","article-title":"Emissions from main propulsion engine on container ship at sea","volume":"115","author":"Agrawal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit38","article-title":"The influence of operating speed on gas and particle-phase emissions from the R\/V Miller Freeman","author":"Cappa"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081802281055300_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1021\/es1026954","article-title":"Real-time gaseous, PM and ultrafine particle emissions from a modern marine engine operating on biodiesel","volume":"45","author":"Jayaram","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026081802281055300_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9689","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-9689-2010","article-title":"Arctic shipping emissions inventories and future scenarios","volume":"10","author":"Corbett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit41","unstructured":"Entec Quantification of Ship Emissions. http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/air\/pdf\/chapter2_ship_emissions.pdf."},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit42","volume-title":"Analysis of Commercial Marine Vessels Emissions and Fuel Consumption Data","author":"U.S. EPA","year":"2000"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081802281055300_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L09801","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL042886","article-title":"Will black carbon mitigation dampen aerosol indirect forcing?","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit44","volume-title":"The California Diesel Fuel Regualtions","author":"CARB","year":"2004"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081802281055300_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-2729-2008","article-title":"Weekly patterns of aerosol in the United States","volume":"8","author":"Murphy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026081802281055300_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5921","DOI":"10.1021\/es0480421","article-title":"Can reducing black carbon emissions counteract global warming?","volume":"39","author":"Bond","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"D14","key":"2026081802281055300_cit47","first-page":"D14302","article-title":"Intercomparison and closure calculations using measurements of aerosol species and optical properties during the Yosemite Aerosol Characterization Study","volume":"110","author":"Malm","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2026081802281055300_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820500421521","article-title":"Light absorption by carbonaceous particles: An investigative review","volume":"40","author":"Bond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/es2013424","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/45\/20\/9052\/8760745\/es2013424.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/45\/20\/9052\/8760745\/es2013424.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T08:47:42Z","timestamp":1787042862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/45\/20\/9052\/840042\/Impact-of-Fuel-Quality-Regulation-and-Speed"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,12]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es2013424","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,12]]}}}