{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T11:53:54Z","timestamp":1791114834662,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,30]],"date-time":"2011-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314662400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,30]],"date-time":"2011-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314662400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,30]],"date-time":"2011-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314662400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the troposphere, nitryl chloride (ClNO2), produced from uptake of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) on chloride containing aerosol, can be an important nocturnal reservoir of NOx (= NO + NO2) and a source of atomic Cl, particularly in polluted coastal environments. Here, we present measurements of ClNO2 mixing ratios by chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) in Calgary, Alberta, Canada over a 3-day period. The observed ClNO2 mixing ratios exhibited a strong diurnal profile, with nocturnal maxima in the range of 80 to 250 parts-per-trillion by volume (pptv) and minima below the detection limit of 5 pptv in the early afternoon. At night, ClNO2 constituted up to 2% of odd nitrogen, or NOy. The peak mixing ratios of ClNO2 observed were considerably below the modeled integrated heterogeneous losses of N2O5, indicating that ClNO2 production was a minor pathway compared to heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5. Back trajectory analysis using HYSPLIT showed that the study region was not influenced by fresh injections of marine aerosol, implying that aerosol chloride was derived from anthropogenic sources. Molecular chlorine (Cl2), derived from local anthropogenic sources, was observed at mixing ratios of up to 65 pptv and possibly contributed to formation of aerosol chloride and hence the formation of ClNO2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/es201955u","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,30]],"date-time":"2011-08-30T11:39:16Z","timestamp":1314704356000},"page":"8889-8896","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":195,"title":["Observation of ClNO2 in a Mid-Continental\nUrban Environment"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Levi H.","family":"Mielke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary Department of Chemistry, , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Furgeson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary Department of Chemistry, , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans D.","family":"Osthoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary Department of Chemistry, , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2026081802274587600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000181308.51440.75","article-title":"Childhood asthma and exposure to\ntraffic and nitrogen dioxide","volume":"16","author":"Gauderman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026081802274587600_cit2","volume-title":"Chemistry\nof the Upper and Lower Atmosphere: Theory, Experiments, And Applications","author":"Finlayson-Pitts","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026081802274587600_cit3","volume-title":"Chemical Kinetics\nand Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies, Evaluation\nNumber 15","author":"Sander","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026081802274587600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D12306","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004209","article-title":"Vertical profiles of NO3, N2O5, O3, and NOx in the nocturnal boundary layer: 1. Observations during the\nTexas Air Quality Study 2000","volume":"109","author":"Stutz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys.\nRes.-Atmos."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081802274587600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2010.551672","article-title":"Heterogeneous atmospheric chemistry,\nambient measurements, and model calculations of N2O5: A review","volume":"45","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"6204","key":"2026081802274587600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/337241a0","article-title":"Formation of chemically active chlorine\ncompounds by reactions of atmospheric nacl particles with gaseous\nN2O5 and ClONO2","volume":"337","author":"Finlayson-Pitts","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"D7","key":"2026081802274587600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8347","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD01384","article-title":"A general circulation\nmodel based calculation of HCl and ClNO2 production from\nsea salt dechlorination: Reactive chlorine emissions inventory","volume":"104","author":"Erickson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"issue":"D3","key":"2026081802274587600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3795","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD03057","article-title":"Production and decay\nof ClNO2, from the reaction of gaseous N2O5 with NaCl solution: Bulk and aerosol experiments","volume":"102","author":"Behnke","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"2026081802274587600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D00F03","DOI":"10.1029\/2008jd010732","article-title":"Modeling the impact of ClNO2 on ozone formation in the Houston area","volume":"114","author":"Simon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"issue":"D7","key":"2026081802274587600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7651","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD00414","article-title":"Absorption cross-sections for gaseous\nClNO2 and Cl2 at 298 K\ue5f8Potential organic\noxidant source in the marine troposphere","volume":"97","author":"Ganske","year":"1992","journal-title":"J.\nGeophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"2026081802274587600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(05)80175-2","article-title":"Formation of atomic\nCl from sea spray via photolysis of nitryl chloride\ue5f8Determination\nof the sticking coefficient of N2O5 on NaCl\naerosol","volume":"22","author":"Behnke","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081802274587600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo177","article-title":"High levels of nitryl chloride in\nthe polluted subtropical marine boundary layer","volume":"1","author":"Osthoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"2026081802274587600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L20808","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL040448","article-title":"Laboratory studies\nof products of N2O5 uptake on Cl\u2013 containing substrates","volume":"36","author":"Roberts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026081802274587600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8351","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-8351-2009","article-title":"Toward a general parameterization of N2O5 reactivity on aqueous particles: the competing effects of\nparticle liquid water, nitrate and chloride","volume":"9","author":"Bertram","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"33","key":"2026081802274587600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13647","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904195106","article-title":"Chlorine activation indoors and outdoors\nvia surface-mediated reactions of nitrogen oxides with hydrogen chloride","volume":"106","author":"Raff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"7286","key":"2026081802274587600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08905","article-title":"A large atomic chlorine\nsource inferred from mid-continental reactive nitrogen chemistry","volume":"464","author":"Thornton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"D7","key":"2026081802274587600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8373","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JD100077","article-title":"Global chlorine emissions\nfrom biomass burning: Reactive chlorine emissions inventory","volume":"104","author":"Lobert","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026081802274587600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4470","DOI":"10.1021\/es991380v","article-title":"Anthropogenic\nsources of chlorine and ozone formation in urban atmospheres","volume":"34","author":"Tanaka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"D7","key":"2026081802274587600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8391","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900025","article-title":"Global emissions of hydrogen chloride\nand chloromethane from coal combustion, incineration and industrial\nactivities: Reactive Chlorine Emissions Inventory","volume":"104","author":"McCulloch","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026081802274587600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4831","DOI":"10.1021\/es026473i","article-title":"Identification of\nthe major sources contributing to PM2.5 observed in Toronto","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081802274587600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/asl.225","article-title":"Temperature dependence of heterogeneous uptake of N2O5 by ammonium sulfate aerosol","volume":"10","author":"Griffiths","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Sci. Lett."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026081802274587600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3942","DOI":"10.1021\/jp980748s","article-title":"Multiphase chemistry of N2O5, ClNO2, and BrNO2","volume":"102","author":"Schweitzer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081802274587600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1021\/jp973044b","article-title":"Heterogeneous interconversion reactions of BrNO2, ClNO2, Br2, and Cl2","volume":"102","author":"Frenzel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026081802274587600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7617","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-7617-2011","article-title":"HOCl and Cl2 observations\nin marine air","volume":"11","author":"Lawler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026081802274587600_cit25","unstructured":"Clean Air Strategic Alliance Website; http:\/\/www.casadata.org."},{"key":"2026081802274587600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D19315","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004670","article-title":"A thermal\ndissociation-chemical ionization mass spectrometry (TD-CIMS) technique\nfor the simultaneous measurement of peroxyacyl nitrates and dinitrogen\npentoxide","volume":"109","author":"Slusher","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"issue":"28","key":"2026081802274587600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.03.072","article-title":"A photochemical\nsource of peroxypropionic and peroxyisobutanoic nitric anhydride","volume":"45","author":"Furgeson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081802274587600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1021\/ac200055z","article-title":"Quantification\nof nitryl chloride at part per trillion mixing ratios by thermal dissociation\ncavity ring-down spectroscopy","volume":"83","author":"Thaler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026081802274587600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6529","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-6529-2011","article-title":"Characterization\nof a thermal decomposition chemical ionization mass spectrometer for\nthe measurement of peroxy acyl nitrates (PANs) in the atmosphere","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026081802274587600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3258204","article-title":"Measurement\nof total alkyl and peroxy nitrates by thermal decomposition cavity\nring-down spectroscopy","volume":"80","author":"Paul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081802274587600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-1635-2006","article-title":"The effect\nof varying levels of surfactant on the reactive uptake of N2O5 to aqueous aerosol","volume":"6","author":"McNeill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos.\nChem. Phys."},{"issue":"5892","key":"2026081802274587600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1158777","article-title":"N2O5 oxidizes chloride to Cl2 in acidic atmospheric\naerosol","volume":"321","author":"Roberts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081802274587600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2-193-2009","article-title":"Chlorine activation by N2O5: simultaneous, in situ detection of ClNO2 and N2O5 by chemical ionization mass spectrometry","volume":"2","author":"Kercher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas.\nTech."},{"key":"2026081802274587600_cit34","first-page":"95","article-title":"Low-pressure properties of water from \u2212160 to\n212 \u00b0F","volume":"52","author":"Goff","year":"1946","journal-title":"Trans. Amer. Soc. Heat. Vent. Eng."},{"key":"2026081802274587600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470988657.ch6","article-title":"PAN and related\ncompounds","volume-title":"Volatile Organic Compounds in\nthe Atmosphere","author":"Roberts","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081802274587600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1029\/94GB03103","article-title":"Tropospheric budget of reactive chlorine","volume":"9","author":"Graedel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081802274587600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2153-3490.1957.tb01869.x","article-title":"On the distribution of sea salt over the United States\nand its removal by precipitation","volume":"9","author":"Junge","year":"1957","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081802274587600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00198-3","article-title":"Inland transport of marine aerosols\nin southern Sweden","volume":"34","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081802274587600_cit39","first-page":"295","article-title":"An overview of the HYSPLIT_4 modelling system for trajectories,\ndispersion and deposition","volume":"47","author":"Draxler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust. Met. Mag."},{"key":"2026081802274587600_cit40","unstructured":"Draxler\n              R. R.\n            ; RolphG. D. HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle\nLagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model access via NOAA ARL READY\nwebsite http:\/\/ready.arl.noaa.gov\/HYSPLIT.php."},{"issue":"40","key":"2026081802274587600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.09.006","article-title":"Modeling heterogeneous ClNO2 formation, chloride availability, and chlorine cycling in Southeast\nTexas","volume":"44","author":"Simon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081802274587600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200375060683","article-title":"Atomic\nweights of the elements: Review 2000\ue5f8(IUPAC technical report)","volume":"75","author":"De\nLaeter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/es201955u","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/45\/20\/8889\/8757842\/es201955u.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/45\/20\/8889\/8757842\/es201955u.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T08:56:10Z","timestamp":1787043370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/45\/20\/8889\/839889\/Observation-of-ClNO2-in-a-Mid-Continental-Urban"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,30]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es201955u","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,30]]}}}